Cross-sectional studies (One contact) - Measuring the levels of airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) in different neighborhoods of a city at a single point in time to compare pollution exposure across regions., Before-and-after studies (Two contacts) - Measuring the water quality of a river/lake before and after installing a wastewater treatment plant to assess the impact of the intervention., Longitudinal studies (Three or more contacts) - Monitoring groundwater nitrate levels in agricultural regions every year over a 10-year period to evaluate the long-term effects of fertilizer use., Retrospective - Analyzing historical satellite imagery to assess how urbanization has contributed to the loss of mangrove forests in the last 30 years., Prospective - Setting up a study to track the impact of rising temperatures on coral bleaching in a reef system over the next decade., Retrospective–prospective - Using historical air quality records combined with ongoing air quality monitoring to study the relationship between industrial expansion and air pollution trends in a region., Experimental - Designing an experiment to test how different biochar amendments in soil affect the removal of heavy metals from contaminated wastewater., Non-experimental - Observing and recording seasonal variations in rainfall to study their natural patterns without any manipulation., Semi-experimental (Quasi-experimental) - Studying the effect of a government-imposed ban on single-use plastics by comparing plastic waste levels before and after the policy, even though researchers did not control the intervention themselves.,

Study Design Types

طباعة
تضمين

لوحة الصدارة

النمط البصري

الخيارات

تبديل القالب

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