More Developed Country (MDC), A country with high levels of industrialization, income, and standard of living; strong service sector and high HDI., Less Developed Country (LDC), A country with lower levels of industrialization, income, and living standards; larger agricultural workforce and lower HDI., Human Development Index (HDI), A measure created by the United Nations that combines three factors: health (life expectancy), education (years of schooling), and standard of living (GNI per capita)., Gross National Income (GNI), The total value of goods and services produced by a country (including income from abroad)., Per Capita GNI, GNI divided by total population; measures average income per person., Primary Sector, Jobs that extract natural resources directly from Earth (agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry)., Secondary Sector, Jobs that manufacture goods from raw materials (factories, construction, manufacturing)., Tertiary Sector, Service-based jobs that provide services to consumers (healthcare, education, retail, transportation, finance)., Productivity, The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it., Gender Inequality Index (GII), A UN measure that reflects gender-based inequality in three areas: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation., Self-Sufficiency Model, A development strategy that spreads investment equally across regions and discourages foreign ownership., International Trade Approach, A development strategy that concentrates resources in specific industries to compete globally., Rostow’s Model, A five-stage model of economic growth from traditional society to high mass consumption., World Trade Organization (WTO), An international organization that promotes free trade by reducing trade barriers between countries., Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Investment made by a company or government from one country into businesses or infrastructure in another country., Transnational Corporation (TNC), A company that operates in multiple countries but is headquartered in one., Core-Periphery Model, Wallerstein’s theory that economic development is uneven because core countries exploit peripheral countries., Gender Development Index , measures the gender gap in the level of achievement for the three dimensions of the H D I: income, education, and life expectancy..

Chapter 9: Development

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