1) identify the labelled part A in the following spirorgram a) inspiratory reserve volume b) vital capacity c) tidal volume d) functional residual capacity 2) the vital capacity is defined as a) the volume of air inspired and expired in a normal respiration  b) the volume of air maximally expired following a maximal inspiration c) the volume of air inspired or expired in a normal respiration d) the volume of air maximally inspired after a normal inspiration 3) a 50 year old man is presented with indigestion, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. doctor has prescribed her an amylase test that measures the amount of amylase in the blood or urine. which organs secrete amylase?  a) liver and gall bladder b) transverse and descending colon c) esophagus and stomach d) salivary glands and pancreas 4) high levels of amylase in blood or urine is indication of a) epiglitottitis b) pancreatitis c) diarrhea d) esophagitis 5) identify the part labelled A of the nephron  a) ascending limb of loop of henle b) distal convoluted tubule c) proximal convoluted tubule d) descending limb of loop of hence 6) the substance that is reabsorbed from the ascending limb of loop of henle of the nephron is a) water b) glucose c) sodium d) amino acids 7) the walls of the flagged structure are held open by which of the following? a) nerve impulses b) rings of cartilage c) fine bones d) smooth muscle contractions 8) which of the following parts of the digestive system contains the Brunner's glands? a) C b) B c) A d) D 9) all of the following statements are true related to the flagged structure except: a) it consists of three distinct regions b) it serves both the urinary and reproductive systems c) it is approximately 20cm long in an adult d) it contains a single urethral sphincter near the neck of the urinary bladder 10) tidal volume is the volume of air a) inspired and expired in a normal respiration b) maximally inspired or expired in a normal respiration c) inspired or expired in a normal respiration d) maximally inspired and expired in a normal respiration 11) A 45-year old man is presented with a 6-hour history of severe right-sided colic abdominal pain, non-radiating associated with rigors and nausea but no vomiting. The pain had not been relieved by simple measures including a change of posture or over the counter analgesics. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the kidneys, ureter, and bladder at that time demonstrated a 6-mm right-sided distal ureteric stone. He is most likely suffering from  a) Polycystic Kidney Disease b) Analgesic nephropathy c) Chronic renal failure d) Diabetes Insipidus e) kidney stones f) Glomerulonephritis 12) A 57-year-old man with type 2 diabetes first diagnosed 12 years ago is presented now for routine follow-up. He is asymptomatic. Physical exam reveals a blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg and a regular pulse of 84 beats/min. Laboratory evaluation revealed his blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine were elevated. The urine contained proteins and glucose. a) Polycystic Kidney Disease b) Analgesic nephropathy c) diabetic nephropathy d) Diabetes Insipidus e) kidney stones f) Glomerulonephritis 13) A woman aged 83-year-old had a history of recurrent chronic low back pain and joint pains for last 8 years. She was prescribed analgesics. The frequent use of combinations of analgesic medications over many years resulted in the deterioration of her kidney function a) Polycystic Kidney Disease b) Analgesic nephropathy c) diabetic nephropathy d) Diabetes Insipidus e) kidney stones f) Glomerulonephritis 14) Mrs. Sammy aged 38 years has her health worsening due to renal failure. An ultrasound done about five years ago revealed multiple bilateral renal cysts. She has no other health problems. She is likely to require dialysis soon and has been advised to consider renal transplantation a) Polycystic Kidney Disease b) Analgesic nephropathy c) diabetic nephropathy d) Diabetes Insipidus e) kidney stones f) Glomerulonephritis 15) The patient is a 41-year-old male who has a longstanding history of hypertension. He presents with a complaint of itching, lethargy, lower extremity edema, nausea, and vomiting. On physical exam, the patient is a well-developed, well-nourished male in moderate distress. Blood pressure is 180/110mm Hg, pulse rate is 80 bpm, respirations 24/min and he was afebrile. His blood urea and serum creatinine were abnormally high. Dialysis was started for this patient a) Polycystic Kidney Disease b) Analgesic nephropathy c) diabetic nephropathy d) Diabetes Insipidus e) chronic renal failure f) Glomerulonephritis 16) A 9-year-old boy was admitted as an emergency with puffiness of the face, eyes, and trunk. A week previously he had complained of a sore throat. On examination, his temperature was 37.5°C and hypertensive (BP 170/110 mm Hg). His urine showed proteinuria, hematuria and red cell casts. A renal biopsy specimen sample revealed diffuse proliferative changes in the glomerulus with deposits of the immune complex. a) Polycystic Kidney Disease b) Analgesic nephropathy c) diabetic nephropathy d) Diabetes Insipidus e) chronic renal failure f) Glomerulonephritis 17) A 60-year-old man is involved in a head-on motor vehicle accident and sustains significant head trauma. He is awake and oriented to person, place and time but complains of dizziness. Physical examination reveals normal vital signs and no neurologic findings. Overnight in the surgical intensive care unit, the patient develops excessive thirst (polydipsia) and increased the frequency of urination (polyuria a) Polycystic Kidney Disease b) Analgesic nephropathy c) diabetic nephropathy d) Diabetes Insipidus e) chronic renal failure f) Glomerulonephritis

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