coordinating conjunctions - do NOT use a comma to separate a coordinating conjunction when it is used in a list with only two items. Example: I like ice cream and cake., commas in a series - always use a comma to separate three or more items in a series. Example: I like ice cream, cake, and cookies., oxford comma - always use a comma before the conjunction to separate the last item in the series. Example: I like ice cream, cake, cookies, and sour patch kids, who/which clause - place commas around the who/which clause if the clause is not essential (doesn't change the meaning of the sentence) Example: My brother, who is a chef, is making dinner tonight. to the sentence. Example: A man, that clauses - that clauses are NOT used because that clauses are essential to the sentence. Example: The man that had a scar on his face was the one who helped me carry my groceries., noun of direct address - Use a comma to separate a noun when it is used to directly address someone. Example: Jon, please pick up my groceries on your way home. , prepositional opener - if a prepositional sentence opener has five words or more, add a comma. Example: Among the most difficult grammar rules, is using commas correctly., two or more prepositional openers - If a prepositional opener has two or more prepositional phrases that modify the same verb and function as one unit , add a comma after the last prepositional phrase. Example: Across the green field and over the small stream, the wild horses ran freely. , essential words - changes the meaning of the sentence; without this phrase the sentence would have a different meaning., -ly adverb opener - use a comma if an -ly adverb opener modifies the sentence,

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