CO2 is a byproduct of aerobic metabolism. T or F, T, The body produces how much CO2 at rest?, 200mL/min of CO2 at rest, tissues produce CO2 during aerobic metabolism, what is the normal PCO2 in the tissues?, 46mmHg, what is the normal PCO2 in the capillary?, 40mmHg, what is the normal PvCO2?, 46mmHg, what is the normal alveolar PCO2?, 40mmHg, write down the CO2 hydrolysis reaction and chemical equilibrium, , If CO2 is not an acid, then why do we treat it like one?, , At equilibrium the concentration of H₂CO₃ is ______ than the concentrations of HCO₃⁻ and H⁺, At equilibrium the concentration of H₂CO₃ is much greater than the concentrations of HCO₃⁻ and H⁺, at equilibrium the concentration of dissolved CO₂ is ____ than that of H₂CO₃ (about ___ times greater), at equilibrium the concentration of dissolved CO₂ is much greater than that of H₂CO₃ (about 400 times greater), why is H₂CO₃ considered a volatile acid?, , Dissolved venous CO2 enters pulmonary capillaries and equilibrates with alveolar gas CO2. T or F, T, at 37°C, how much CO2 dissolves in 1L of plasma for each mmHg PCO2? calculate the normal, 0.03mmol/L/mmHg is the CO2 solubility coefficient, there are 400 molecules of dissolved CO₂ for every molecule of H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid). T or F, T, Although dissolved CO₂ in the plasma is not equal to the concentration of H₂CO₃, its concentration is not in direct proportion to the concentration of H₂CO₃(carbonic acid). T or F, F, Plasma CO2 is a marker of blood volatile acid content and adequacy of alveolar ventilation. T or F, T, what is the solubility coefficient? how do you convert mmol/L/mmHg to ml/dL?, , what is Eucapnia? is CO2 eliminated at the same rate as it is being generated in tissues? What are the alveolar and arterial PCO2 values?, , , Lower H⁺ due left shift of the CO₂ hydrolysis reaction which means higher pH, , increase in PCO₂, so CO₂ + H₂O is more than 400 so no longer 400:1 ratio, its higher (ex 800:2), so you get a right shift which increases carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) which lowers pH, Hypoventilation can cause CO₂ production to momentarily _____ CO₂ elimination, Hypoventilation can cause CO₂ production to momentarily exceed CO₂ elimination, what happens after CO₂ production momentarily exceeds CO₂ elimination during hypoventilation?, 400:1 is re-established, possibly at something like 800:2 ratio, what is this condition called when ↑PACO₂, ↑PaCO₂, ↑H₂CO₃ when the patient hypoventilates?, respiratory acidosis, Hyperventilation can cause CO₂ elimination to momentarily ______ CO₂ production, Hyperventilation can cause CO₂ elimination to momentarily exceeds CO₂ production, what happens after CO₂ elimination momentarily exceeds CO₂ production during hyperventilation?, re-establish 400:1 ratio, What is this condition called when ↓PACO₂, ↓PaCO₂, ↓H₂CO₃ when the patient hyperventilates?, respiratory alkalosis, two examples of when CO2 production is increased in the tissues, but we increase our ventilation to achieve equilibrium again, Exercise, High altitude, , no effect because the person hyperventilates to achieve equilibrium again and re-establish 400:1, 3 ways blood carries CO2, , Is a large or small amount of CO₂ transported dissolved in plasma?, small amount, how much dissolved CO2 is present in venous blood? in mL Co2/dL, 3mL CO2/dL, What reaction occurs when CO2 dissolves in plasma?, , What determines blood hydrogen ion concentration (pH)?, , What is the main form of CO2 transport in blood?, 90% through Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), Write the bicarbonate formation reaction, , What enzyme catalyzes bicarbonate formation in RBCs?, Carbonic anhydrase which is not present in plasma, How much faster is bicarbonate formation in RBC vs plasma?, 13000x faster , What happens to H⁺ produced during bicarbonate formation?, Buffered by hemoglobin, Why does hemoglobin buffer H⁺ during CO2 transport?, Hb binding H⁺ helps maintain intracellular pH and promotes O2 release, Why does bicarbonate leave the RBC?, concentration gradient (more HCO₃⁻ inside RBC) , What happens when bicarbonate leaves the RBC?, Negative charge leaves the cell, How is electrical neutrality maintained when bicarbonate leaves the RBC?, Chloride diffuses into RBC, What is the chloride shift also called?, Hamburger phenomenon, In what form is most CO2 transported from tissues to lungs?, Plasma bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), What happens to CO₂ transport reactions in the lungs?, they reverse, , CO2 levels go up because they sit in the plasma, What does CO₂ bind to when forming carbamino compounds?, Free amino group (NH₂) of proteins., Does carbamino formation require an enzyme?, No catalyst required, Write the general carbamino reaction., , How much H⁺ is released during carbamino formation?, 1 mmol H⁺ for each mmol carbamino compound formed., What buffers the H⁺ released in plasma carbamino formation?, Other plasma protein buffers., What is carbaminohemoglobin?, CO₂ bound to hemoglobin protein., Where does CO₂ bind on hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin?, Free amino sites on globin chains., Write the carbaminohemoglobin reaction., , What buffers the H⁺ released during carbaminohemoglobin formation?, Deoxygenated hemoglobin., Where does O₂ bind on hemoglobin?, Heme (iron site)., Where does CO₂ bind on hemoglobin?, Free amino groups on globin protein chains., What is the Haldane effect?, Hemoglobin has greater affinity for CO₂ when it is deoxygenated., What happens to CO₂ binding when hemoglobin becomes oxygenated?, CO₂ affinity decreases → CO₂ is released in lungs., What is the Bohr effect?, CO₂ / H⁺ binding to hemoglobin decreases Hb affinity for O₂ → promotes O₂ unloading in tissues., How do the Haldane and Bohr effects differ?, , Why does hemoglobin release O₂ in tissues and release CO₂ in lungs?, , How is the amount of CO₂ transported from tissues determined? what does it represent?, , What percentage of CO₂ is transported dissolved in plasma?, 8%, What percentage of CO₂ is transported as bicarbonate?, 80%, What percentage of CO₂ is transported as carbamino compounds?, 12%.

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