PROSODIC: Emphatic stress - A word or syllable said louder or more emphatically, PROSODIC - Volume - Loud <F> or soft <P>, PROSODIC - Tempo - fast paced utterance <A> or slow paced utterance <L> , PROSODIC - pitch - rising / or falling \ - can relate to holding or passing the floor, could indicate uncertainty or definiteness., PROSODIC - elongation of sound - = can give emphasis to a word, can show uncertainty or unplanned nature of discourse (esp. if a pause filler is elongated), PROSODIC - intonation - continuing (,) or final (.) - relates to turn taking. , VOCAL EFFECTS - laughing - @@@ , VOCAL EFFECTS - breath - inhalation (H) or exhalation (X) , CONNECTED SPEECH - Assimilation - sounds are altered to sound closer to neighbouring sound, e.g. samwich, CONNECTED SPEECH - Vowel reduction - the omission of unstressed vowels in everyday speech. e.g. ‘library’ to ‘libry’, CONNECTED SPEECH - Elision - the removal of certain sounds, such as ‘fish ‘n’ chips’, CONNECTED SPEECH - Insertion - the addition of sounds in speech which ease articulation. e.g. ‘drawing’ to ‘draw-ring’, PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING - Alliteration - repetition of initial consonants, PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING - Assonance - repetition of the same vowel sounds within words – e.g. ‘get’ and ‘better’, PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING - Consonance - repetition of the consonant sounds within words, e.g. ‘white gate’, PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING - Onomatopoeia - words with pronunciations that echo natural sounds of the world. e.g. ‘splash’, PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING - Rhythm - the regular recurrence of stresses or prominent units in speech, PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING - Rhyme - the recurring pattern of identical or similar sounds at the end of two or more different words,

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