Central Nervous System - Includes the brain and spinal cord, known as the 'Master Computer', Peripheral Nervous System - Transmits signals from sensory receptors to CNS and commands to muscles, excluding the brain and spinal cord, Somatic Nervous System - Controls voluntary activities such as talking and sending a text, involving skeletal muscles, Autonomic Nervous System - Controls involuntary activities like heart, breathing, and blinking, involving smooth muscles and glands, Sympathetic Nervous System - Responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, arousing the body, Parasympathetic Nervous System - Responsible for relaxing the body, Neuron - Nerve cell with components including soma, dendrites, axon, terminal buttons, myelin sheath, and synapse, Nodes of Ranvier - Gaps in the myelin sheath of neurons, Synaptic Cleft - Very small space between two neurons, crucial for communication, Neurotransmitters - Chemicals released in close proximity to cells with their receptors, affecting behavior, Acetylcholine - Neurotransmitter responsible for muscle action, memory, increased arousal, and enhanced cognition, Beta-endorphin - Neurotransmitter related to pain, pleasure, decreased anxiety, and decreased tension, Dopamine - Neurotransmitter influencing mood, sleep, learning, increased pleasure, and suppressed appetite, GABA - Neurotransmitter affecting brain function, sleep, and decreasing anxiety and tension, Glutamate - Neurotransmitter involved in memory, learning, and increased learning and enhanced memory, Norepinephrine - Neurotransmitter impacting heart, intestines, and alertness, increasing arousal and suppressing appetite, Serotonin - Neurotransmitter influencing mood, sleep, and modulating mood and suppressing appetite, Neurogenesis - The growth of new neurons, allowing neurons to regenerate, Cerebrum - The largest part of the brain, consisting of two hemispheres and the cerebral cortex, Corpus Callosum - A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres, enabling information processing, Limbic System - A collection of structures regulating emotions, basic drives, and memory, Hippocampus - Part of the limbic system responsible for memory, Amygdala - Part of the limbic system regulating emotions, Thalamus - The brain's 'sensory relay' station, routing the 5 senses to the right spot, Hypothalamus - Part of the limbic system controlling drives such as hunger, Neuroplasticity - The brain's ability to heal, grow new connections, and reorganize, demonstrating adaptability, Endocrine System - Consists of glands producing hormones, affecting bodily functions and controlled through interactions between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, Prosopagnosia - Inability to recognize faces, may be congenital or result from brain injury or degenerative disease, Aphasia - Affects communication using language, often due to stroke or traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's Disease - Irreversible, progressive brain disorder destroying memory and thinking skills, possibly caused by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors,

Chapter 3

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