What is matter? - Matter is made up of tiny particles, can be a pure substance or a mixture and anything with mass that takes up space, What is a solid? - In solid form particles are close together. The particles are very strongly attracted to each other. They are locked in a pattern and vibrate in place. Solids have a fixed shape and volume., What is a liquid? - In liquid form, particles are slightly farther apart. Particles are less attracted to each other and are able to slide past each other. The spaces between the particles are larger than in a solid., What is a gas? - In gas form, particles are far apart and can move in any direction because the attraction forces between them are weak. Gases have no fixed shape and no fixed volume. They expand to fill their container., What is the force called that holds molecules together? - Intermolecular force, When heat is applied to matter, what 3 processes can happen? - Melting, evaporation and sublimation, When cold is applied to matter, what 3 processes can happen? - Condensation, deposition and freezing, What is melting point? - When a solid turns into a liquid, What is boiling point? - When a liquid turns into a gas, What is freezing point? - When a liquid turns into a solid, What does "phase change" mean? - When matter changes from one state to a different state. Ex. solid to liquid., What is evaporation? - This is the process through which a liquid turns into a gas. An everyday example of evaporation is the drying of wet clothes. Evaporation typically happens when the substance is heated., What is condensation? - This is the reverse process of evaporation, where a gas turns back into a liquid. An example of this process can be seen when dew forms on a cold surface on a hot day., What is sublimation? - This process involves a substance transitioning from a solid state directly to a gas, skipping the liquid state. An example is the "disappearance" of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) when left at room temperature., What is deposition? - The reverse of sublimation, deposition is when a gas changes directly into a solid without becoming a liquid first. An example of this can be seen when frost forms on a window on a cold day., What happens to volume and mass during a phase change? - The volume changes during a phase change, the mass of the matter remains constant. This is because the mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, not the space it occupies. In other words, no matter how much the particles of matter spread out or draw together during phase changes, the total amount of matter (and therefore mass) does not change., What is the principal of conservation of mass? - The Principle of Conservation of Mass states that the total mass of substances doesn't change during a chemical reaction. It means that matter can't disappear or be created out of nothing - it can only change forms. So, whatever mass you start with, you end with the same mass., When heat is applied to matter, what speed do the particles move? - Fast, When cold is applied to matter, what speed do the particles move? - Slow, When heat is applied to matter do the particles expand or contract? - Expand. Think of gas particles compared to solid particles, When cold is applied to matter, do the particles expand or contract? - Contract. Think of solid particles compared to gas particles, What is thermal expansion? - When matter in any state is heated, the matter will expand. The particles the matter is made up of do not expand, but the particles do spread out., Why is a basketball bouncier on a hot summer day? - The gas inside a basketball will expand and make the ball bouncier on a hot summer day. On the other hand, if you leave your ball in the car in the winter, the ball will look like it has less gas, but once the ball warms up, it will bounce well again., What is a thermometer? - A thermometer works because of thermal expansion. Thermometers have a liquid inside, usually mercury or alcohol. These liquids will expand and shrink (contract) when they are heated or cooled., Why do builders put a gap in railway tracks? - When railway tracks are assembled, a slight gap between track sections is made. As the tracks absorb heat from the sun, their individual particles vibrate more intensely, leading to an overall expansion of the tracks. The gap allows room for the tracks to expand in the summer, but it is not big enough to cause a derailment in the winter., Why should you NOT put cold water into a hot glass straight out of the dishwasher? - The heat from the dishwasher causes the glass's particles to vibrate more rapidly, leading to thermal expansion. If you add cold water into the hot, expanded glass, the glass will contract quickly as the glass particles slow down their vibration. This quick shift in volume can be too much for the glass, causing it to crack or shatter., Why is it more difficult to open doors in the summer time? - In the summer, doors might seem slightly harder to open or close. This is because under the high temperatures, the particles in the door vibrate more and cause the door to expand. Consequently, the expanded door may be too big for the frame, making it more difficult to open or close., What temperature does steel start expanding? - Steel, a widely used construction material, starts expanding at 20°C., What temperature does concrete start expanding? - Concrete is relatively resistant to heat. Its expansion begins at a higher temperature, around 35°C, What temperature does wood start expanding? - Wood's expansion depends on its orientation. It begins to expand at 30°C., What temperature does asphalt start expanding? - A common material for roads, asphalt can start to soften and expand at around 50°C, What temperature does aluminum start expanding? - Aluminum begins expanding at a lower temperature, around 15°C, How come ice can float on water? - Because water in its solid state is denser than water in its liquid state., Why does water only freeze on the surface level? - Water at the surface reaches its freezing point and turns into a solid: ice. This process starts at the top because cold air affects the surface water first. Gradually, a frozen sheet of ice forms across the entire surface of the water body, leaving the water underneath still in its liquid form.,

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