Abiotic  - 非 生 物 的 ; Non-living parts of an ecosystem e.g. minerals, soil, air., Access  - 访 问 ; How easy it is to obtain goods or services. It can be measured in terms of cost, time or distance., African Union (AU)  - 非 洲 联 盟 ( AU) ; Created in 2002, this organisation brings together the governments of 54 African states. The AU aims to develop peace, unity, and integration within the African continent., Aquifer  - 含 水 层 ; A rock structure which will hold water. Water can be abstracted from the rock by drilling wells and boreholes., Backwash  - 反 冲 洗 ; The retreat of a sea wave down the beach after the breaking of a wave., Bay  - 海 湾 ; Part of the sea that fills a wide-mouthed opening in the coastline., Biome  - 生 物 群 落 ; A large ecosystem at the global scale where the climate and vegetation are uniform., Biosphere  - 生 物 圈 ; The regions of the Earth and atmosphere where plants and animals live., Biotic  - 生 物 的 ; Living parts of an ecosystem e.g. plants and animals., Birth rate  - 出 生 率 ; The number of live births per year per 1000 population., Brownfield sites  - 棕 地 ; Land, usually in urban areas, that was previously used for industry or commercial purpose and that has the potential for redevelopment once any derelict buildings have been removed and any contamination has been cleaned away., Capacity  - 容 量 ; The total amount of sediment or load that a stream or river can carry at any one time., Census  - 人 口 普 查 ; An official count of the population carried out by a government at regular intervals., Central Business District (CBD)  - 中 央 商 务 区 ( CBD) ; The CBD is the main commercial and shopping area of a town or city., Chain Stores  - 连 锁 店 ; A series of shops owned by the same firm or company that sell the same goods., Climatologists  - 气 候 学 家 ; Scientists who specialise in the study of climate., Colony  - 殖 民 地 ; A country that has been taken over and ruled by another country., Commercial farmer  - 商 业 农 民 ; A farmer whose main aim is to grow crops or keep livestock to sell for a profit., Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) - 共 同 农 业 政 策 ( CAP) ; Strategies for the control and development of farming that have been adopted by all members of the European Union (EU)., Competence  - 能 力 ; The maximum size of particle that a stream or river can carry., Comprehensive redevelopment  - 全 面 改 造 ; A housing policy that involves the clearing of areas of low-quality buildings and replacing them with a new higher-quality environment., Concordant  - 一 致 的 ; A concordant coastline is one where the rock layers are parallel to the coastline. The coast is often eroded at the same rate along its length so moves back evenly., Conservation  - 保 护 ; The care of species, resources and environments so that they will survive for future generations., Constructive waves  - 建 设 性 干 涉 波 浪 ; These waves are low and have a long wavelength. They are low energy waves that have a strong swash and weak backwash. They are usually associated with beach deposition., Continent  - 大 陆 ; Any of the Earths great expanses of continuous land e.g. North America., Convection currents  - 对 流 环 流 ; Differences in temperature of material beneath the plates of the Earths crust leads to the creation of currents to transfer the heat. These currents move the plates above them. The term also applies when air is heated and rises in the atmosphere., Convectional rainfall  - 对 流 降 雨 ; This occurs when land is heated up and the warm air above it rises, cools and condenses to give clouds and rain., Core area  - 核 心 区 ; A highly developed urban region to which people are attracted and which receives the most investment., Counter-urbanisation  - 反 城 市 化 ; The process by which an increasing number of people within a country live in the countryside instead of in towns and cities. This could be the result of natural increase and/ or migration., Death rate  - 死 亡 率 ; The number of deaths per year per 1000 population., Degradation  - 退 化 ; This is where human activity leads to a reduction in the quality of the natural environment e.g. deforestation, removal of topsoil, water pollution., Delta  - 三 角 洲 ; A landform, often triangular in shape, which develops where a river meets a slow body of moving water such as a lake or ocean. Sediment builds up above the water level forcing the river to split into distributaries to form a delta., Demographer  - 人 口 统 计 学 家 ; A person who studies human populations - their size, distribution and composition., Dengue fever  - 登 革 热 ; Also known as breakbone fever, this is a tropical disease caused by mosquitoes which carry the dengue virus., Dependency ratio  - 抚 养 比 率 ; A relationship between the number of people of working age (15-64) and the young dependents (0-14) and old dependents (65+) who depend on them for e.g. benefits, pensions., Deposition  - 沉 积 ; The laying down of solid material such as mud or sand on the sea floor and river or lake beds., Desalination  - 脱 盐 ; The extraction of fresh water from salty sea water., Desert  - 沙 漠 ; A dry area, hot or cold, where the total annual precipitation is less than 250 mm., Desertification  - 荒 漠 化 ; The spread of desert conditions caused mainly by natural factors e.g. less rainfall in a region which was not previously a desert., Destructive waves  - 破 坏 性 波 浪 ; These waves are high and steep with a short wavelength. They are high energy waves that have a weak swash and strong backwash. They are usually associated with beach erosion., Direct payments  - 直 接 支 付 ; These are EU payments which are given directly to farmers who meet certain requirements of the EU for growing crops, keeping livestock or looking after the countryside., Discharge  - 排 放 ; The amount of water flowing across the width of a river at a given point. It is usually measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs)., Discordant  - 不 整 合 海 岸 线；参cēn 差cī 不 齐 的 海 岸 线 ; A discordant is one where the rock layers are at 90 degrees to the coastline. Hard and soft rocks often cause headlands and bays to develop., Disposable income  - 可 支 配 收 入 ; This is money that people have to spend after taxes and insurance have been taken off their gross income. It can be referred to as (take-home' pay., Distributaries  - 支 流，经 销 商 ; A stream or river channel resulting from the division of a larger stream channel. They are usually found in a delta., Division of labour  - 分 工 ; The way that a community shares the work between its members., Drainage basin  - 流 域 ; The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries (streams). This is also known as the catchment area., Drought  - 干 旱 ; A long, continuous period of dry weather where any rainfall is below the average expected.,

10 IGCSE geography-1-Year 10

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