Reconstruction (1865 - 1877) - The period after the Civil War when the United States worked to rebuild the South and bring the Confederate states back into the Union, Freedmen's Bureau - A government agency established in 1865 to help formerly enslaved people by providing food, housing, education, and medical care, Thirteenth Amendment (1865) - A constitutional amendment that officially abolished slavery in the United States, Fourteenth Amendment (1868) - Granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteed equal protection under the law, Fifteenth Amendment (1870) - Gave African American men the right to vote by prohibiting states from denying the vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, Black Codes - Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War to limit the rights and freedoms of African Americans, Radical Republicans - Members of Congress who wanted to punish the South after the Civil War and ensure full rights for freed African Americans, Presidential Reconstruction - The plan led by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson to quickly restore Southern states to the Union with lenient terms, Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction - The plan led by Radical Republicans in Congress that required Southern states to meet stricter conditions for rejoining the Union and to protect African Americans' rights, Reconstruction Acts (1867) - Laws that divided the South into five military districts and required states to ratify the 14th Amendment before being readmitted to the Union, Carpetbaggers - A negative term used by Southerners to describe Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, often to seek political or economic opportunities, Scalawags - Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War, Sharecropping - A farming system in which freedmen and poor whites rented land from landowners in exchange for a portion of the crops, often keeping them in debt, Ku Klux Klan (KKK) - A white supremacist group formed after the Civil War that used violence and intimidation to prevent African Americans from exercising their rights, Impeachment of Andrew Johnson - Removed from office in 1868 for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but he was acquitted by one vote, Tenure of Office Act (1867) - A law that limited the president's power to remove certain officials without Senate approval, leading to Johnson's impeachment , Civil Rights Act of 1866 - The first U.S. law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law, Compromise of 1877 - An agreement that ended Reconstruction; in exchange for resolving a disputed presidential election, federal troops were withdrawn from the South, Jim Crow Laws - Laws passed in the South after Reconstruction that enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans, Poll Taxes and Literacy Tests - Voting restrictions used in the South to prevent African Americans from voting, despite the implications of the 15th Amendment,

Reconstruction: Key Terms and Definitions

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