1) To make bread, it is necessary to ______________ the flour to separate it from residues of the wheat. a) Filter b) Sift c) Centrifuge d) Decant 2) You’re trying to grow a plant at home and decide to test two types of fertilizers to see which works best. What is the independent variable? a) Plant size b) Amount of water c) Type of fertilizer used d) Amount of sunlight 3) Acetylsalicylic acid (C₉H₈O₄), commonly known as aspirin, is an example of: a) A common compound b) A strong acid c) A solvent d) An alkali metal 4) After washing clothes, you hang them so that the ambient heat _____ the residual moisture and the fabrics dry. What change of state is this? a) Sublimation b) Fusion c) Vaporization d) Solidification 5) Determine the number of electrons in sulfur (S), with an atomic mass of 32 and 18 neutrons: a) 14 b) 32 c) 6 d) 8 6) How are the elements of the periodic table classified? a) Metals, alkanes, non-metals b) Metals, non-metals, solutions c) Metals, non-metals, and metalloids d) Metals, metalloids, metals 7) What type of bond is formed between phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S)? a) Ionic bond b) Covalent bond c) Ionic character d) Metallic bond 8) The oxidation of iron in the presence of water and oxygen, forming rust, is an example of: a) Iron reduction b) Iron oxidation c) Iron neutralization d) Iron hydrogenation 9) One of carbon’s properties is tetravalency, which allows it to form _______________ covalent bonds with identical or different atoms. a) 1 bond b) 2 bonds c) 3 bonds d) 4 bonds 10) The acid in vinegar, called acetic acid, helps stop acid reflux and prevents stomach acidity. Vinegar belongs to a group of substances called carboxylic acids. This means it has a special part made of -OH and (O) attached to a carbon atom. Choose the option below that shows the structure of acetic acid. a) b) c) d) 11) What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated carbon chain? a) Saturated chains have only single bonds, while unsaturated have double or triple bonds b) Saturated chains have triple bonds; unsaturated have double bonds c) Unsaturated chains form rings; saturated chains are linear d) Saturated have double bonds, unsaturated have single bonds 12) What is the correct name for CH₃-CH₂-C≡CH? a) Butane b) Butene c) Butyne d) Propane 13) In which fields can biology be applied? a) Medicine and Industry b) Geography and Mathematics c) Agriculture and Livestock d) Chemistry and physics 14) Order the following elements of Earth's current atmosphere from most to least concentrated: a) (1) Nitrogen; (2) Oxygen; (3) Carbon dioxide; (4) Ozone b) (1) Oxygen; (2) Ozone; (3) Carbon dioxide; (4) Nitrogen c) (1) Ozone; (2) Oxygen; (3) Nitrogen; (4) Carbon dioxide d) (1) Nitrogen; (2) Carbon dioxide; (3) Ozone; (4) Oxygen 15) Select the correct answer:  _____________ is a structured tool that streamlines the research process and problem-solving, providing logical, consistent, and replicable knowledge. a) Falsifiability b) The scientific method c) Reproducibility d) Experimentation 16) Indicate which theory the following phrase refers to: “It is natural selection that favors some individuals and disadvantages others.” a) Fixism b) Catastrophism c) Darwinism d) Lamarckism 17) What is DNA replication? a) The process by which an exact copy of DNA is created before cell division. b) Protein synthesis from DNA c) Transformation of DNA to RNA d) Elimination of unnecessary DNA fragments 18) What is an induced mutation? a) A mutation that occurs spontaneously without external intervention b) A mutation caused by an external agent, such as radiation or chemicals c) A mutation occurring only in mitochondrial DNA d) A mutation that doesn’t affect the genetic sequence 19) Order Mendel’s laws by the order in which they were discovered: a) (1) Law of Uniformity; (2) Law of Independent Assortment; (3) Law of Segregation b) (1) Law of Segregation; (2) Law of Uniformity; (3) Law of Independent Assortment c) (1) Law of Independent Assortment; (2) Law of Segregation; (3) Law of Uniformity 20) Which of the following is the lowest level of organization in ecosystems? a) Community b) Population c) Organism d) Biome 21) Order the following ecological organization levels from lowest to highest: a) Biome, Community, Ecosystem, Population b) Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome c) Ecosystem, Population, Community, Biome d) Community, Biome, Ecosystem, Population 22) What is a producer in an ecosystem? a) A consumer that feeds on plants b) An organism that has no resource competition c) An organism that gets energy from sunlight d) An organism that decomposes organic matter 23) What is a primary consumer in a trophic structure? a) An organism that consumes plants b) A decomposer of organic matter c) A producer of its own food d) An organism that eats other consumers 24) What role do keystone species play in an ecosystem? a) They control the flow of energy through food webs without directly affecting biodiversity. b) They are species that have a greater impact on the structure and biodiversity of the ecosystem than other species. c) They are the first consumers in the food chain. d) They are only primary producers. 25) What happens to the amount of energy transferred to higher trophic levels? a) Energy increases at higher levels b) Energy grows with each transfer c) Energy decreases at higher trophic levels

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