Primary Succession: Lichens break down rock, no soil, starts from bare rock, Pioneer Species: Lichens & Moss, Volcanic eruptions, New Volcanic Islands, Glacier Melt, Happens slowly, takes hundreds of years, Secondary Succession: Clearing a pasture (mowing a field) , soil is present, Pioneer Species: Grasses, Wild Fires, Flood, Hurricanes, Happens fast, takes a few years, Cutting down a forest ,

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