- The ____ reason is ____ from the learner's first language (mother tongue/L1) on the second language (L2). This is called interference or transfer. Learners may use sound patterns, lexis or grammatical structures from their ____ language in English. There are two kinds: It is important to know that if this (using one’s L1 and transferring the use of sounds, for instance, to the second language) successful, it is called positive transfer, because it ____ learning. On the other hand, if the transfer results in an incorrect use of the L2, it is called ____ transfer, because it might impede learning.

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