Programs ____ Mitsuku are called ‘chatbots’. Mitsuku was the winner of the Loebner Prize in 2013, an ____ competition to find a program that can pass the Turing Test. The test, designed to measure ____ intelligence, was invented ____ British mathematician Alan Turing. Fifty or sixty years ago, computers were very simple machines, ____ then scientists believed that one day machines would be able to ‘think’ and that they would probably be as intelligent ____ humans. The question was, ‘How can we measure the intelligence of a machine?’ Alan Turing, who had helped to break the German Enigma code ____ the Second World War, came ____ with an answer. He said we need to ask ‘Can this computer talk? Can it ____ a conversation like a human?’ If it can, he argued, then it is intelligent and it can think. In a Turing test, judges sit at a screen and have a chatroom ____ with the chatbot program. They don’t know if they are chatting with another person or with a chatbot. After ____ messages for 5 minutes, the judge decides if he or she is chatting with a human or a machine. Turing predicted that ____ 2000, the ____ person ‘will not have more than a 70 per cent chance of making the right identification’. In other words, computers would ____ the judges 30 per cent of the time. An American called Hugh Loebner was fascinated by Turing’s idea, and in the early 1990s he offered a prize of $100,000 to the creator of the first chatbot to pass the ‘Turing Test’. In ____ to win the $100,000, a chatbot must ____ at least 30% of the judges that it is human. Many chatbots have ____ the competition but so far no chatbot has won the big money prize. Mitsuku, ____, came very close. In the conversation at the beginning of this article, Mitsuku is A and the real human is B. You can tell that A is not human because ____ in the conversation, A says ‘Humans are not ____ intelligent at times.’ ____ Mitsuku failed to win the $100,000, it certainly won’t be long before a chatbot is ____ to fool the Loebner judges into thinking that it is a real person. But is the Turing Test a good way to ____ if a machine is intelligent? Critics argue that the chatbots in the competition are merely imitating humans. Humans are the ____ animals on Earth that can speak and ____ Turing chose to focus on it. But what is really impressive, critics say, is machines that do things that we can’t do. For example, it is amazing that Google can ____ hundreds of millions of websites for a single word in a ____ of seconds, or that a NASA computer can control a rocket on a journey from Earth to Jupiter. Even some of the things that smartphone apps can do are ____ impressive. Those achievements are far ____ interesting and useful than a chatbot’s. A chatbot is really nothing more than a successful liar, so the argument goes. Fans of the Turing Test, ____, feel that humans are themselves machines. It’s just that our brains are ____ more complex than computers. As philosopher and scientist Daniel Dennett said in a recent interview, ‘It’s not ____ to have a conscious robot. You’re looking at one.’

solutions intermediate 5f Testing intelligence

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