What unusual example did Lera Boroditsky use at the beginning to show how language can make us imagine new ideas? - Example at the beginning: She asked the audience to imagine “a jellyfish waltzing in a library while thinking about quantum mechanics.”, How do the Kuuk Thaayorre people in Australia give directions differently from English speakers? - Kuuk Thaayorre directions: They use cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) instead of “left” and “right.”, How does the Kuuk Thaayorre community think about time compared to English speakers? - Kuuk Thaayorre time: They organise time according to the landscape (east to west), not relative to the body., What is the difference between Russian and English when it comes to describing the colour blue? - Russian vs English (blue): Russian has two separate words for blue (goluboy = light blue, siniy = dark blue), so speakers distinguish them faster., How does grammatical gender in languages like German or Spanish influence the way people describe objects such as a bridge? - Grammatical gender (bridge example): German speakers (bridge = feminine) described bridges as “beautiful, elegant”, while Spanish speakers (bridge = masculine) used words like “strong, long.”, What did Boroditsky explain about how English and Spanish speakers describe accidents, and what effect does this have on memory and blame? - Accidents in English vs Spanish: English tends to say “He broke the vase,” while Spanish often says “The vase broke.” → This affects memory: English speakers remember who did it, while Spanish speakers focus more on whether it was an accident., What danger does she mention about the future of the world’s languages, and why is it important for science? - Danger to world languages: We are losing about one language per week; half could disappear in the next 100 years. This matters because most scientific research is based on a narrow group (mainly English speakers), so we risk losing knowledge about how diverse minds work.,

How languages.....

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