/p, b/ - ____; /t, d/ - ____; /k, g/ - ____ voicing - /p, t, k/ are ____ - /b, d, g/ are ____ when they occur between ____ (e.g. labour, leader, eager, rub out, read it, to be, to go, to do, windy) - /b, d, g/ are ____ in other contexts: word-initially (=after a pause) – vocal folds ____ beginning in the last portion of the compression stage (e.g. bill, done, game) word-finally ____ – vocal folds stop ____ before the sound is articulated fully, i.e. in the first portion of the compression stage (e.g. club, lid, wag) - ____, /b, d, g/ may be ____ word-finally (while remaining lenis) between a voiceless and a voiced sound, e.g. football, magpie - ____ = a voiceless interval consisting of strongly expelled breath between the release of the plosive and the onset of a following vowel • ____ - fortis plosives /p, t, k/ are strongly aspirated when initial in ____ syllable (e.g. pin, tin, kin) • ____ - fortis plosives /p, t, k/ are weakly aspirated when initial in ____ syllable (e.g. cater, bicker, paper) • optional aspiration - fortis plosives /p, t, k/ are ____ aspirated ____ before ____ (e.g. cap, back, mat) • ____ - fortis plosives /p, t, k/ are ____ when they are ____ initially in a syllable, even when the syllable carries a strong accent (e.g. spit, spin, stop, skin) - ____ /b, d, g/ are ____ - no audible release in stop clusters plosive + plosive or plosive + affricate sequences (both within a word and at word boundaries ) – ____ has ____, i.e. the closure for the second stop is made before the release of the first (e.g. dropped, actor, top people, object, big boy, big chin, great joke) [- nasal release]  when a plosive is followed by ____ (=made at the same place of articulation) ____, the release of air is normally effected not by a removal of the oral closure, which is retained, but by the escape of the compressed air through the nasal passage, opened by ____ for the nasal consonant (e.g. topmost, madness, cotton, sudden, thicken, organ, cheap meat, red nose) [- lateral release]  /t, d/ + /l/ - /t, d/ are normally released laterally (one or both sides of the tongue are lowered to allow the air to escape, the tongue-tip contact remaining), (e.g. bottle, cattle, medal ) = ____ /p, b, k, g/ + /l/ - the partial alveolar contact for /l/ is made before or at the time of the release of the plosive and, in this sense, the escape of air is lateral (e.g. apple, bubble, tackle, big lad) 3. The influence of plosives on the length of preceding sounds (a) vowels (pre-fortis clipping) all vowels and diphthongs are ____ by the following ____ /p, t, k/ (e.g. rope vs. robe, hurt vs. heard, leak vs. league) (b) sonorants ____ some sonorants (/l, n, m/) are shortened by the ____ fortis plosives /p, t, k/ (e.g. kilt vs. killed, want vs. wand, help, simple)

plosives

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