1) Which type of epithelium lines the esophagus? a) a. Simple squamous epithelium b) b. Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium c) c. Stratified columnar epithelium d) d. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 2) What is the function of esophageal cardiac glands? a) a. Secrete digestive enzymes b) b. Produce neutral mucus to lubricate and protect the epithelium c) c. Secrete hydrochloric acid d) d. Aid in the movement of food through the esophagus 3) What type of muscle is found in the middle portion of the esophagus? a) a. Only smooth muscle b) b. Only skeletal muscle c) c. A mix of skeletal and smooth muscle d) d. Neither skeletal nor smooth muscle 4) Which of the following drug classes reduces gastric acid secretion in the treatment of GERD? a) a. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) b) b. H2 antagonists c) c. Anticholinergics d) d. All of the above 5) Which drug is used for the neutralization of gastric acid in GERD treatment? a) a. Gaviscon b) b. Omeprazole c) c. Domperidone d) d. Metoclopramide 6) Which of the following conditions decreases the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and contributes to GERD? a) A. Increased sympathetic tone b) B. Obesity and delayed gastric emptying c) C. Decreased gastric volume d) D. Increased activity of Ach at the myenteric plexus 7) Which microscopic feature is characteristic of chronic-stage reflux esophagitis? a) A. Lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis b) B. inflammatory infliltration c) C. Columnar metaplasia d) D. Squamous cell hyperplasia 8) Which of the following is true about Barrett’s esophagus? a) A. It is a reversible condition with no malignant potential b) B. It involves intestinal metaplasia within the esophageal squamous mucosa c) C. It primarily affects young females d) D. It occurs exclusively in non-smokers 9) What is the most common type of esophageal carcinoma globally? a) A. Adenocarcinoma of the upper esophagus b) B. Squamous cell carcinoma of the middle esophagus c) C. Oat cell carcinoma of the esophagus d) D. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lower esophagus 10) The primary peristaltic wave in the esophagus occurs as a continuation of a) A. Reflexes triggered in the buccal cavity b) B. Voluntary contractions of the pharyngeal muscles c) C. Pharyngeal stage of swallowing d) D. Gastric relaxation 11) Which nerve is NOT involved in the innervation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)? a) A. Vagus nerve b) B. Spinal nerves T1–T10 c) C. Glossopharyngeal nerve d) D. Sympathetic fibers 12) During the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, which mechanism prevents food entry into the trachea? a) A. Elevation of the soft palate b) B. Closure of the glottis by the vocal cords c) C. Contraction of the esophageal wall d) D. Distention of the pharynx

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