Why did Rome fall? - invasions by barbarian tribes, political instability and corruption, economic problems like inflation and reliance on slave labor, and the overexpansion of the empire, How did the Middle Ages begin? - The Middle Ages began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE., most important for nights - honor, loyalty, religion, and military prowess, most important for samurai - loyalty to their master and honor, Chivalry - Chivalry was originally a medieval code of conduct for knights, emphasizing honor, bravery, and loyalty, but it has evolved into a modern concept of respectful and courteous behavior, especially towards women, Bushido - Bushido was the unwritten code of conduct for samurai in feudal Japan, meaning "the way of the warrior". It emphasized virtues like loyalty, honor, courage, and self-discipline, and was heavily influenced by Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian philosophies., Seppuku - A ritual the samurai would typically use a short sword or dagger (wakizashi or tanto) to cut their abdomen, often making a horizontal cut from left to right., Who are the Humanists and what did they do? - Humanists are people who focus on reason, ethics, and the potential of humans to lead meaningful lives without a belief in supernatural beings., Dark Ages name origin - originated with the 14th-century Italian scholar Petrarch, who used "dark" to describe the centuries following the fall of the Roman Empire in contrast to the "light" of classical antiquity, The Franks and the Frankish Kingdom - The Franks were a confederation of Germanic peoples who became a powerful force in the late Roman Empire and a major influence on the development of modern Europe, especially France, which is named after them, Mayors of the Palace - originally the chief household officials for the Merovingian kings of the Frankish Kingdom, but they gradually became the de facto rulers, wielding the real power while the kings became figureheads, Normandy and the Normans - The Normans were descendants of Viking explorers who settled in Normandy, France, in the 9th and 10th centuries, creating a new culture by blending Norse and French traditions. They are famous for conquering England in 1066, led by William the Conqueror, The Bayeux Tapestry - The Bayeux Tapestry is a nearly 230-foot-long embroidered cloth that depicts the Norman conquest of England in 1066, culminating in the Battle of Hastings, England and the Anglo-Saxons - The Catholic Church in Anglo-Saxon England was a unique form of Roman Catholicism that blended with local Celtic and pagan traditions. The Church became a central political and social institution, supported by rulers and playing a key role in culture, learning, and daily life., Pope - A Pope, known as the Bishop of Rome, serves as the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church, the largest Christian denomination in the world., Clergy - Clergy are ordained religious leaders who are formally recognized to perform spiritual duties and provide guidance within a religious community, Monasticism - Monasticism is a religious way of life characterized by withdrawal from the world to live a spiritual life of prayer, asceticism, and discipline, often in a communal setting, Church Hierarchy - Roman Catholic Church has a well-defined structure with the Pope at the top, followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priests, and deacons, Christendom - a term used to refer collectively to the global community of Christians or to the countries and regions where Christianity is the dominant religion., The Vikings - Scandinavian seafaring people who raided, traded, and settled in Europe and beyond between the 8th and 11th centuries. They were also farmers and craftspeople from what are now Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, known for their skilled shipbuilding and extensive voyages that reached North America, Where are the Vikings from - Where are they from?, what did the Vikings do? - The Vikings were Scandinavian peoples who raided, traded, explored, and settled across Europe and parts of Asia and North America from the 8th to 11th centuries, What happens in England with the Vikings? - The Vikings in England eventually faded after a period of conquest, settlement, and rule, culminating in their final defeat at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066, What was life like for the Vikings?Boats, Houses, farming - Viking life revolved around self-sufficient farms, centered in longhouses built from wood, turf, and clay, Feudalism - Feudalism was a social and political system in medieval Europe from the 9th to the 15th centuries, based on land ownership and loyalty, What was its hierarchy? - The term "hierarchy" refers to a system where people or groups are ranked in order of status or authority, kings - The monarch at the apex of the feudal pyramid who owned all the land and granted large portions to nobles as fiefs. He demanded loyalty and military service from his nobles in exchange for the land., noble - High-ranking individuals who were direct vassals of the king and held large fiefs, such as duchies or counties. They governed their lands, collected taxes, and provided soldiers to the king when needed., vassal - Any person who held land from a lord (the king or a noble) in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and service. Vassals could be nobles, knights, or other lords, creating a hierarchical chain of command and obligation, knights - Mounted warriors who were often vassals to lords or nobles. They pledged military service in return for land or other rewards and were responsible for defending their lord's territory. Knights were part of the warrior class and were not nobles unless they inherited a noble title., serfs - The lowest class, who were peasants bound to the land they worked for a lord. In exchange for working the land and giving a portion of their harvest to their lord, they were granted protection. Serfs had very few rights and could not leave the estate without permission., What is a fief? - A fief was a piece of land, or other resource, granted by a lord to a vassal in the feudal system in exchange for loyalty and service, most often military, Magna Carta - a 1215 English charter that limited the power of the king and established the principle that everyone, including the king, was subject to the law., what did the magna carta do - limited the power of the English monarch by establishing that no one, not even the king, is above the law, How did the Magna Carta impact the USA - establishing foundational principles of limited government, the rule of law, and individual rights, The Crusades - The Crusades were a series of religious wars between European Christians and Muslims, primarily fought to control Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the late 11th to the 13th centuries., WHy did the Crusades happen? - due to a combination of religious, political, and economic factors, triggered by the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I's request for military aid against the Seljuk Turks, How long were they? the crusades - 1095 to 1291, Which Crusade was most important - The most well-known Crusades, the eight major expeditions to the Holy Land, took place between 1095 and 1291., Jerusalem - Jerusalem is an ancient city, revered as a holy site for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and is also the capital of Israel, The Bubonic Plague - The bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, is a highly fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that is spread by fleas on rodents, How did the Plague lead to the end of Feudalism? - creating a severe labor shortage, which gave surviving peasants more bargaining power to demand higher wages and better conditions, How did the Black Plague spread? - through the bites of infected fleas, How many people did it impact? - between 30-60% of humanity succumbed to the Black Death, antiquity meaning - ancientness, oldness, age, and antiquation, secular meaning - denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis., Autonomy meaning - the capacity for self-governance, allowing individuals or groups to make their own informed, uncoerced decisions and act according to their own internal values, Nation Building meaning - the creation or development of a nation, especially one that has recently become independent, Guilds meaning - a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power., Charles Martel - Charles Martel was a Frankish military and political leader known for his pivotal role in stopping the Islamic advance into Europe at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD. He consolidated power as the Mayor of the Palace, effectively ruling the Frankish kingdom from 718 until his death, and is considered the grandfather of Charlemagne. His victory at Tours, where he defeated the Umayyad Caliphate's army, solidified his power and earned him the nickname "the Hammer", Charlemagne - Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, was the King of the Franks who united much of Western Europe and was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 AD. He was a military leader who expanded his kingdom through conquests, a political reformer who established new administrative systems, and a patron of a cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance. His reign fostered a period of renewed scholarship and culture, established a standardized writing system, and created a foundation for a unified European civilization., King Alfred - Alfred the Great was the King of Wessex from 871 to 899 who defended his kingdom against Viking invasions, ultimately leading to the foundation of a unified English kingdom. He is also known for establishing a new navy, building a network of forts, reforming the legal and monetary systems, and promoting education by translating important works and encouraging literacy in English., King Richard the Lionheart - King Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, was a legendary warrior-king from 1189 to 1199, renowned for his military prowess in the Third Crusade and his courage. Though he spent little time in England, preferring to campaign abroad, he is remembered as a chivalrous and popular king, famous for his battles against Saladin and for leading the Third Crusade. He was also a cultured poet and singer, but his constant warfare and a lengthy imprisonment for ransom left the English treasury depleted. He was fatally wounded during a siege in France in 1199., King John - King John is a historical play by William Shakespeare that dramatizes the reign of King John of England, focusing on his conflicts with France and the Catholic Church, and the political machinations surrounding his nephew, Arthur. The play's plot involves John's usurpation of the throne, his wars against France, his conflict with the Pope, the suspicious death of Arthur, and a subsequent rebellion by English nobles., William the Conqueror - William the Conqueror was the Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066, defeating the English King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings to become King William I. His conquest led to significant changes in England, including the introduction of French language and culture, the construction of many castles, and the establishment of a new monarchical line, with all subsequent English rulers tracing their lineage back to him. His rule is also marked by the creation of the Domesday Book, a comprehensive survey of the kingdom's land and resources., Harold Godwinson - Harold Godwinson was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, who ruled for a brief nine months in 1066. He became king after the death of Edward the Confessor, but his reign was immediately challenged by two invasions: first from Harald Hardrada of Norway, whom he defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, and then from William of Normandy. Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066, a defeat that marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule and the beginning of the Norman conquest., Joan of Arc - Joan of Arc was a French peasant girl who, claiming divine guidance, led the French army to a major victory against the English during the Hundred Years' War. She is best known for lifting the Siege of Orléans in 1429, which boosted French morale and paved the way for the coronation of King Charles VII. Captured by the Burgundians, she was sold to the English, tried for heresy, and burned at the stake at age 19. Later, she was exonerated, beatified, and canonized as a saint, becoming a national heroine and symbol of France., Battle of Tour - The Battle of Tours, fought in October 732 C.E. near modern-day Tours, France, was a decisive victory for the Frankish army led by Charles Martel over the invading Umayyad Caliphate army. The battle is historically significant for halting the northward advance of the Umayyad forces into Western Europe. The Franks' infantry, positioned on high, wooded ground, repelled repeated cavalry charges from the Umayyad army, which suffered heavy losses, including its commander, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Battle of Hastings - The Battle of Hastings was fought on October 14, 1066, resulting in a decisive Norman victory and the death of English King Harold Godwinson,

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