faulty causality - also known as post hoc, ergo propter hoc – the faulty assumption that because one event or action follows another, the first causes the second, either/or - reduces complex problems to two simple solutions/alternatives, equivocation - half-truths or arguments that give lies an honest appearance and are usually based on tricks of language, faulty analogy - inaccurate or inconsequential comparisons between objects or concepts are drawn, slippery slope - portrays today’s tiny misstep as tomorrow’s slide into disaster, straw man - Attack an argument that doesn’t really exist, often a much weaker or more extreme one than the opponent is actually making, overly sentimental appeals - uses emotions excessively to distract readers from facts, hasty generalization - inference drawn from not enough evidence, sweeping generalization - broad generalizations that become stereotypes, red herring - Speaker relies on irrelevant information, non sequitur - argument whose claims, reasons, or warrants don’t connect logically, bandwagon appeals - urge people to follow the same path everyone else is taking, ad hominem - attack the character of a person rather than the claims he or she makes, stacking the deck - only one side of an argument is presented in an effort to only show the favorable side, circular reasoning - evidence and conclusion restate each other, thus proving nothing, false authority - writers offer themselves or other authorities as sufficient warrant for believing a claim, begging the question - presenting an argument in such a way that’s necessarily true even though no evidence has been presented, scare tactics - used to invoke irrational fears, panic, or prejudice, dogmatism - undermines the trust that must exist between those who make and listen to arguments by asserting or assuming that a particular position is the only one that is conceivably acceptable,

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