adaptive radiation - when a large number of species form to occupy different ecological niches from a common ancestor, allopatric - formation of a new species due to a geographical barrier leading to no gene flow, analogous - structures which have the same function but come from a different origin, not a common ancestor, cline - gradual variation in a species over a geographical range, coevolution - a reciporical relationship where species influence the evolution of each other, convergent - different species living in similar environments look similar due to the same selection pressure acting on them. No common ancestors, divergent - species branching off to make new species, new species have a common ancestor, endemic - only found naturally in a certain area/country, evolution - gradual process by which all present day life was formed, genetic drift - random changes in a gene pool/allele frequencies due to chance events, geographic barrier - physical barrier such as a sea, mountain that prevents gene flow, gradualism - slow changes between populations, homologous - structures that have the same origin (come from a common ancestor) but have a different function, hybrid - individual formed from two different species, isolating mechanism - something that prevents interbreeding, instant speciation - formation of a new species over one generation due to polyploidy. New species can't breed with original species, polyploidy - cells having more than 2n sets of chromosomes, ring species - two distinct species that are connected by intermediates, selection pressure - environmental factors that favour certain individuals, speciation - formation of a new species, sympatric - type of speciation that occurs in the same area as the parent group due to different niches, natural - type of selection where the best suited individuals, survive, reproduce and pass on favourable alleles, directional - type of selection that favours either of the extreme phenotype, disruptive - type of selection that favours both the extreme phenotype against the middle phenotype, stabilising - type of selection that favours the middle phenotype,

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