Salivary Glands produce what fluid? - Saliva., functions of saliva: - a. makes food easier to swallow by moistening it. b. begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates., Salivary Glands contains what enzyme? - salivary amylase, What does the salivary amylase enzyme do? - Chemically breaks down (Chemical digestion) of carbohydrates (starches), What is the function of the epiglottis? - Covers the trachea to prevent food from entering the trachea (leads to the lungs), Alimentary Canal, what is it and what organs comprise it? - Gastrointestinal tract: mouth (teeth, tongue), esophagus, Stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus *these organs help out (accessory organs): liver, pancreas, gallbladder, Food that is swallowed is called a - Bolus, Explain peristalsis - Rythmic, slow movement caused by smooth muscle Contractions (this is involuntary you don't control it!) Peristalsis helps move food along the GI tract., What is a sphincter muscle? - Muscular ring that opens & closes., Where is the cardiac sphincter found? - At the end of the esophagus, at the entrance of the stomach, What does the cardiac sphincter do? - Prevents the stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus., Explain "heartburn": - Heartburn involves the stomach contents (including Stomach acid) backing up into the esophagus. Since the stomach contents are going the wrong way, this is very painful and com erode the lining of the esophagus., What do the glands of the stomach produce? - hydrochloric acid & gastric enzymes (proteases such as pepsin), What function does mucus have? - mucus lines the stomach to prevent the hydrochloric acid from burning and damaging the stomach lining., Gastric Juice: - a. What is the pH? acidic b. What acid is present? hydrochloric acid c. What enzyme is also present? protease d. This enzyme breaks down protein into amino acids, What is chyme? - Thick, soupy liquid formed from the food mixed with gastric juices and hydrochloric acid., What is the function of the pyloric sphincter? - The pyloric sphincter is the muscular ring between the Stomach and the small intestine. The pyloric Sphincter acts as a valve to control the flow the of food from the stomach to the small intestine., What is bile? - A fluid that is secreted by the liver & aids in the digestion and absorption of fats + Vitamins in the small intestine., Explain what it means for bile to emulsify fat. - Bile breaks down fat into small droplets; this increases the surface area of fat so lipases can digest the fats., Where is bile stored? - Gallbladder, What does bile contain? - Water, bile salts, organic molecules., How does the liver detoxify blood? - Special cells in the liver break down toxins using enzymes., What is urea? - when proteins are broken down, waste products that contain nitrogen are produced. The liver converts this waste (ammonia) to urea, which is less toxic to the body., What is urea produced from? - Broken down proteins., The hormone insulin causes the liver to change glucose into - glycogen, How is bile transferred to the small intestine? - Bile is transferred from the gallbladder to the small intestine through the bile duct., What are gall stones? - Gall stones are hardened masses made of Cholesterol., The pancreas produces two hormones: - Insulin & glucagon, Where is the duodenum? - The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum., Lacteals are tiny vessels of the lymphatic system. What digested materials do they absorb? - Lacteals absorb fats, What are villi and what do they absorb? - Villi are folds in the small intestine's lining and absorb nutrients (sugars, amino acids, vitamins)., Fact: - 1. Sodium bicarbonate Neutralizes stomach acid 2. Amylase digests carbohydrates 3. Proteases digests proteins. 4. Lipase digests lipids (fats) The pancreas also produces two hormones: insulin & glucagon, The villi contain many important enzymes. What does each do? - a. peptidases (protease) breaks down proteins into amino acids b. maltase breaks down maltose (disaccharide) into glucose c. sucrase breaks down sucrose into glucose & fructose (simple sugars) d. lactase breaks down lactose into glucose & galactose (simple sugars), How much of the digestive system occurs in the large intestine? - None. Just water absorption. , Undigested food passes into the large intestine. Give two functions of the Large intestine: - 1.) Excess water is absorbed 2.) Vitamins & minerals are absorbed, E. coli are bacteria that live in the colon. What do they do? - E. coli produce Vitamin K and prevent bad bacteria, E. coli are bacteria that live in the colon. What do they do? What remains is undigested material called - feces, This waste is eliminated through the opening called - anus, (anal sphincter), Ulcer → - Open Sores in the stomach lining (can bleed) → can be caused by infection., Constipation → - feces move too slowly & too much water is absorbed, Diarrhea → - feces pass too fast through the large intestine and water is not absorbed., Large Intestine: - Absorption of water and formation of feces. , Ph Scale, Parts of the small intestine: - duodenum --> jejunum --> ileum, Villi - help in the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area for absorption., The end products of protein digestion are - Amino Acids, Bile is made in - The Liver, Lipases are enzymes that break down - Fats, Colon = - Large Intestine,

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