Build classroom routines in English. , Use speaking activities that reflect real-life communication.  - songs, chants, rap, storytelling, plays, TV shows and commercials, news and weather reports, announcements, cartoons, movies, documentaries, jokes, riddles, and dialogues., Use speaking activities that are developmentally appropriate., Use a variety of activities to improve both accuracy and fluency. - These activities can be classified as controlled practice, guided practice, and independent activities. Speaking activities that focus on accuracy can be quite mechanical or controlled, which means students are practicing structure, but it is not necessarily meaningful. At the opposite end are independent or free activities that are open-ended and do not have predictable responses. Free activities help build fluency and give students a chance to be creative with the language on their own., Build classroom interaction by giving students plenty of opportunities to participate., Keep the speaking environment active: do not correct errors explicitly. - First, if the activities are focused on meaning more than form, then making frequent grammar or pronunciation corrections can interrupt the flow of class. In addition, although children can be less inhibited compared to adults and will speak out in class more readily, they also have fragile egos and can close up if you embarrass them in front of their peers., Equip your YLs with negotiation strategies.,

Principles for teaching speaking to young learners

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