1) The absence of the myelin sheath would lead to a) neural inactivity b) neural impulses being processed more quickly. c) interference with the speed of neural transmission. d) disruption of communication from dendrites to axons. 2) Vikki wakes up to the sound of something scratching at the bedroom window and becomes so frightened that they cannot move. Vikki is likely experiencing a) an inability to move due to parasympathetic dominance. b) a heightened heart rate with sympathetic nervous system activation. c) stimulation of the autonomic nervous system in preparation for running away. d) the ‘fight-flight-freeze’ response, which is controlled by the somatic nervous system 3) Ava is a 16-year-old student whose family travels around Australia for work. Each time Ava moves, she is forced to change schools. Ava has been finding each move progressively more difficult. At her latest school, Ava has made little effort to adjust to the new environment. Ava is demonstrating a) coping flexibility as she is unable to fit in. b) difficulty adapting to a new environment. c) context-specific effectiveness as the situation keeps changing. d) acculturative stress as she is frequently changing friendship groups. 4) To use counterbalancing in an experiment, a researcher must a) alternate the order of exposure to the independent variable. b) change the order of each group experiencing the dependent variable. c) randomly allocate participants to either the experimental or control group. d) balance experimental and control groups based on participant characteristics. 5) The ‘Little Albert’ experiment demonstrated a) that glutamate plays a role in emotional learning. b) the importance of obtaining consent from children. c) how conditioning can be used to form an emotional response. d) the role of adrenaline in the emotionally conditioned response. 6) A hypothesis a) is a question the research study sets out to answer. b) predicts how the dependent variable will affect the independent variable. c) is generated based on scientific knowledge or experience in order to understand and test ideas. d) is a method of research in which an experimenter manipulates the independent variable to observe the effect on the dependent variable. 7) Tracy received the news that her audition for the lead role in the school play was successful.  According to Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, which one of the following may best describe Tracy’s initial reaction to the news? a) She recalls that learning lines has always been easy. b) She views it as an opportunity to begin her acting career. c) She decides to learn the rest of the lines in the play’s script with a friend. d) She decides that she does not have the resources to cope due to the stress of the news. 8) Tracy learnt the lines of the play over several late nights and drank coffee to stay awake. However, when she stepped on the stage the week that rehearsals started, she forgot her lines. Later that week, Tracy walked into a coffee shop. As she smelled the coffee, Tracy recalled her lines. This is because, for Tracy, coffee a) decreases performance anxiety. b) has become a state-dependent cue. c) has become a context-dependent cue. d) improves her ability to store information in long-term memory 9) Which one of the following is an objective measure that could be used to investigate possible treatments that would reduce sleep disturbances? a) electromyograph recording participants’ brain wave patterns b) video monitor recording the time and duration of participants’ awakenings c) a questionnaire with a rating scale measuring participants’ anxiety about sleep d) a sleep diary in which the participants would record how they felt after each night’s sleep 10) Sakura, who is 16 years old, is often found standing in her bedroom in the middle of the night. During these episodes, Sakura’s mother tells her to go back to bed; however, Sakura needs to be guided to bed. She does not report feeling sleepy during the day. Sakura is most likely experiencing a) an adolescent sleep-wake shift because her sleep disturbance is due to age. b) sleep-onset insomnia because she is able to have a conversation with her mother. c) a type of dyssomnia because she is having problems with the quality of her sleep. d) a type of parasomnia because she has experienced physiological activity and needs to be guided to bed. 11) Disorganised attachment can contribute to the development of a mental disorder because it is a a) biological risk factor that results in interpersonal conflict. b) precipitating risk factor that affects help-seeking behaviours. c) social risk factor that leads to the inability to seek help and support. d) psychological risk factor that prevents the ability to form relationships. 12) Which one of the following is a difference between risk factors and protective factors in the progression of mental disorders? a) A catastrophic event can be a risk factor but is not likely to be a protective factor. b) Coping abilities and strategies can be risk factors but are not likely to be protective factors. c) Biological factors, such as genetics, can present as risk factors but are not likely to be protective factors. d) Risk factors reduce the occurrence of a mental disorder, whereas protective factors increase susceptibility to a mental disorder. 13) Which statement about conscious or unconscious responses by the nervous system is correct? a) A conscious response by the nervous system is involuntary and goal-directed. b) A conscious response by the nervous system is voluntary and attention is given to the stimulus. c) An unconscious response by the nervous system is voluntary and regulated by the autonomic nervous system. d) An unconscious response by the nervous system is unintentional and is always regulated by the autonomic nervous system. 14) Which one of the following accurately describes characteristics of a single neuron? a) Dendrites ‘grow’ whereas axon terminals are ‘pruned’. b) Myelin coating the axon terminals improves signal transmission. c) Dendrites fulfil their role in neural transmission before axon terminals. d) Axon terminals fulfil their role in neural transmission before dendrites. 15) To treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, a doctor is likely to administer a drug that a) inhibits the binding of receptors. b) inhibits the lock-and-key process. c) mimics the activity of a neurotransmitter. d) promotes reuptake on the post-synaptic neuron 16) Vladimir is experiencing stress in response to news he has received. The stress Vladimir is experiencing is more likely to be eustress if Vladimir has a) increased arousal momentarily, decreased motivation and an elevated heart rate. b) increased alertness momentarily, increased motivation and an elevated heart rate. c) heightened arousal for several hours and increased motivation, and he feels overwhelmed. d) elevated alertness for several hours and increased cortisol levels, and he feels confident he can manage the news. 17) One limitation of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome as a scientific model for stress is that it a) has stages that are specific and time dependent. b) takes into account individual differences in physiological responses to a stressor. c) cannot be researched experimentally due to the subjective nature of the stress response. d) assumes shock and counter shock are separate processes even though they can occur simultaneously. 18) Which one of the following is the most accurate description of the role of cortisol in the stress response, according to Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome? a) stops the immune system from functioning b) increases glucose in the bloodstream and reduces inflammation c) reactivates functions that are non-essential in a fight-flight response d) provides the initial alert about a perceived threat, through the release of adrenaline 19) Caitlin is teaching her dog Ziggy to sit when she instructs him to do so. She rewards Ziggy by giving him a treat every time he sits when she says the word ‘sit’. Caitlin has noticed that Ziggy will also sit when she says the words ‘lit’, ‘pit’ and ‘fit’. Ziggy is demonstrating a) stimulus generalisation as an element of operant conditioning. b) stimulus discrimination as an element of operant conditioning. c) stimulus generalisation as an element of classical conditioning. d) stimulus discrimination as an element of classical conditioning. 20) Which of the following identifies a difference between long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)? a) LTP: results in a change in excitability of the post-synaptic neuron; LTD: does not involve an increase in excitability of the post-synaptic neuron b) LTP: occurs at the synapse; LTD: does not occur at the synapse c) LTP: involves the neurotransmitter glutamate; LTD: involves the neurotransmitter GABA d) LTP: changes are long-lasting; LTD: changes are not long-lasting 21) Which one of the following accurately names and explains how an ethical principle was violated in the ‘Little Albert’ experiment? a) use of deception, because Little Albert was not informed of the nature of the experiment b) informed consent, because Little Albert’s mother was not present at the start of the experiment c) withdrawal rights, because Little Albert left the experiment with a previously non-existent fear d) role of the experimenter, because Little Albert’s conditioned fear response was not extinguished 22) According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory, which process determines whether information moves from short-term memory to long-term memory? a) encoding b) rehearsal c) consolidation d) selective attention 23) Which one of the following statements about memory is correct? a) The duration of short-term memory can be increased by chunking. b) The greatest number of items that can be held in short-term memory is nine. c) The capacity of short-term memory can be increased by using maintenance rehearsal. d) Short-term memory receives information from both sensory memory and long-term memory 24) Which one of the following is a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease? a) The hippocampus is the last area of the brain to be affected. b) It initially affects short-term memory more than long-term memory. c) It is caused by an increase in the level of the neurotransmitter dopamine. d) It involves neurofibrillary tangles, a build-up of abnormal protein outside the neurons in the brain. 25) Consciousness is a) individual and continuously changing. b) stored in an individual’s long-term memory. c) directly observed through the behaviours of individuals. d) objective and can be measured directly using tools such as an electroencephalograph, electromyograph or electro-oculograph. 26) Sleep changes as we age. Which one of the following statements best describes a noticeable change that occurs? a) The time spent sleeping overall increases as we age. b) The proportion of time spent in NREM sleep increases as we age. c) As we progress over time from infancy to old age, the proportion of time spent in stages 1 and 2 of NREM sleep  significantly decreases. d) The proportion of time spent in REM sleep significantly decreases from infancy and then remains steady as we continue ageing 27) According to the restoration theory of sleep, which one of the following best explains the difference between an infant’s sleep and an older child’s sleep? a) Older children need more food to eat and therefore they have less time for sleep than infants. b) Infants undergo more rapid brain development and therefore they experience more REM sleep than older children. c) Older children exert more physical energy during the day and therefore they experience more REM sleep than infants. d) Infants have access to safe and stable places to sleep and therefore they experience more sleep overall than older children. 28) Which one of the following represents a quantitative measure of sleep that would indicate whether someone has moved during their sleep? a) an electroencephalograph, which indicates a deep sleep b) an electromyograph, which indicates changes in muscle tone c) a video recording, which provides visual evidence of movement d) an electro-oculograph, which records changes in eye movements indicating stages of sleep 29) One of the strengths of using secondary data from the internet for psychological research is that secondary sources will a) have satisfied ethical guidelines. b) have already been published and so the data is likely to be reliable and valid. c) provide large reserves of data and be representative of the general population. d) provide access to volumes of data that the researcher may not be able to gather. 30) Which of the following correctly describes cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and systematic desensitisation (SD)? a) CBT: requires the development of a hierarchy; SD: requires the development of a hierarchy b) CBT: involves the use of classical conditioning; SD: does not involve the use of classical conditioning c) CBT: focuses on challenging negative thought patterns; SD: does not focus on challenging negative thought patterns d) CBT: is not likely to involve breathing retraining; SD: is not likely to involve breathing retraining

Psychology Unit 3/4 Revision

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