Participant variables: Characteristics of individual participants that may influence the dependent variable., Examples: Age, gender, intelligence, motivation, sleep habits., Situational variables: Aspects of the environment or setting that may influence the dependent variable., Examples: Noise, temperature, lighting, time of day, instructions given., Experimenter effects: Unintentional influence by the researcher on participant behaviour or data collection., Examples: Tone of voice, body language, expectations, bias in recording results., Demand characteristics: Cues in the experimental setting that lead participants to guess the purpose of the study and change their behaviour., Example: Participants trying to “help” the researcher or behave in socially desirable ways., Placebo effect: A change in behaviour due to the belief that one is receiving treatment, rather than the treatment itself., Example: Improved sleep because participants think they’re receiving bright light therapy, Order-effects (within-subject design): Changes in performance due to the sequence in which conditions are experienced., Examples: Practice, fatigue, boredom, carry-over effects., Non-standardised procedures: Inconsistencies in how the experiment is conducted across groups or participants., Examples: Different instructions, timing, or equipment.,

Extraneous and Confounding Variables - Match

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