PPP, Contextualized examples (e.g., story, dialogue, picture, real-life situation)., Checking understanding through concept-checking questions (CCQs)., Frequent feedback and correction from the teacher., Allow learners to use the target language freely and creatively in communication., Activities include role plays, discussions, problem-solving tasks, or creative writing., Clear, logical progression: from input → controlled practice → independent use., Teacher plays a key role as a model, guide, and feedback provider., Strong focus on scaffolding—each stage supports the next., Emphasizes both form (grammar/vocabulary) and meaning (communication)., TBL, The lesson revolves around a meaningful communicative task, not a specific grammar point., Language is a tool to achieve a real outcome, not the end goal., Strong focus on fluency and authentic use rather than controlled accuracy., Encourages learner autonomy, creativity, and problem-solving., The teacher acts as a facilitator and observer, not just a language model., Promotes natural language acquisition through interaction and exposure., Suited for intermediate and higher levels (B1–C1), but adaptable for lower levels with simpler tasks., Reflects real-world communication rather than classroom drills..

Lesson models

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