What does “praxis” mean in this article?, integrating theory and practice in teaching—teachers reflect and act to create socially just classrooms., Whose framework of five principles is used for critical language teaching?, Hawkins and Norton (2009)., What is meant by the “situated nature of programs and practices”?, t means that teaching and learning are shaped by context, classroom space, and social factors., How does Norton (2013) define identity?, As a dynamic relationship between person and world across time and space., What is investment, Investment refers to the learner’s commitment to learning a language because they believe it will give them access to social, cultural, or economic power and opportunities., How is investment different from motivation?, Motivation is psychological; investment is sociological —it explains why learners put effort into language learning to gain social and symbolic benefits., How do teachers’ identities and ideologies affect classroom practice?, Teachers’ beliefs about language, culture, and power shape the materials they choose and the voices they privilege. If teachers are aware of their own identities, they can create more inclusive and empowering classrooms., What is “responsiveness to learners”?, It means adapting instruction to students’ needs and backgrounds, valuing their cultures and languages as learning resources. Teachers connect classroom content to students’ real lives., What is dialogic engagement and how can teachers apply it?, Dialogic engagement involves open classroom dialogue where students share opinions and connect lessons to social issues. Teachers can use debates, group discussions, and critical reading tasks to encourage student voice., What does reflexivity mean in language teaching?, Reflexivity means that teachers reflect on their own biases and assumptions to understand how they affect teaching practices. They can use journals or peer feedback to evaluate their actions., What are the five principles mentioned?, Situated nature of programs and practices, responsiveness to learners, dialogic engagement, reflexivity, and praxis..

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