Network functions virtualization (NFV) - network architecture process that moves network functions such as load balancing and encryption from physical hardware to virtual machines, Virtual private cloud (VPC) - logically isolated section of a public cloud that provides a secure, private environment for running applications and storing data, Network security groups - protective measures for modern cloud security. It serves as a granular filter for the traffic entering and leaving your network, acting as a virtual firewall., Network security lists - a virtual firewall at the subnet level that controls network traffic using a set of rules to allow or deny access to instances within that subnet, Internet gateway - a networking point that serves as the entry and exit point for a network to access the internet, Network address translation gateway (NAT) - managed service that allows resources in private networks, like those in a cloud Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), to connect to the internet while remaining inaccessible to unsolicited traffic from the internet., VPN - creates an encrypted, secure tunnel for your internet traffic, masking your real IP address and location while protecting your data from snooping and potential exploitation., Direct connect - establishes a private, dedicated physical network connection, offering high, consistent performance and predictable costs, ideal for large-scale data transfers and critical applications., Public - Services and infrastructure provided by a third-party vendor over the internet to many customers, Private - Infrastructure and services dedicated exclusively to a single organization, Hybrid - combination of both public and private cloud environments, Software as a service (SaaS) - ready-to-use software like a web application, where the provider manages everything;, Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) - offers fundamental computing resources like servers and storage, giving you the most control but requiring the most management, Platform as a service (PaaS) - provides a platform for developing and deploying applications, where you focus on coding but not the underlying infrastructure;, scalability - system's long-term capacity to handle growth,, Elasticity - is its ability to automatically scale resources up and down in real-time for short-term, Multitenancy - software architecture where a single instance of an application serves multiple customers (tenants), sharing resources for efficiency and cost-effectiveness,

1.3 Cloud concepts

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