Stage 1: NO countries today; ALL countries before industrialization, High birth & death rate; low life expectancy, Pre-Industrial Society (hunting & gathering or subsistence farming) , Low population growth, but can have major swings with events like war, drought, or pandemics, Most deaths from infectious diseases, accidents, violence, etc., Daily or seasonal migration for food, Stage 2: Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan, Rapid growth - High birth rate & declining death rate, Early Industrial Stage (mostly farming and some manufacturing), Population boom and high youth dependency ratio, Deaths from infectious diseases slow due to medical revolution, International emigration & rural-to-urban migration, Stage 3: Mexico, India, South Africa, Declining birth rate, low death rate, slowing population growth, Mature Industrial society (mostly manufacturing), Lowering fertility rates due to empowerment of women (education, employment, family planning), Chronic disease overtakes infectious disease as major killer, International immigration and rural-to-urban migration (not as much as stage 4), Stage 4: Australia, USA, Canada, Low birth rate and death rate; Low growth or ZPG, Post-Industrial society (transition from manufacturing to service-based economy), Women increasingly have high amount of independence and work opportunities, Chronic diseases persist, but live longer with better medical practices, International immigration (guest workers) and high rates of suburbanization, Stage 5: Japan, Germany, Italy, Negative population growth, Service economy increases and high mass consumption, High Elderly Dependency Ratio; Aging population, Potential reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases due to evolution of microbes, High levels of immigration (guest workers) and retirement options; suburbanization high, but elderly live closer to cities for amenities ,

2.5 Demographic Transition Model

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