1) G2 and M checkpoints are regulated ___. a) Internally b) Externally c) Both d) Neither 2) The G1 checkpoint is regulated ___. a) Internally b) Externally c) Both d) Neither 3) Examples of ___ can be death of nearby cells or the release of growth-promoting hormones. a) Internal checkpoints b) External events 4) ___ are points in the Eukaryotic cell cycle that can stop the progression of the cell cycle until conditions are favorable. a) External events b) Internal Checkpoints 5) At the ___ checkpoint, the cell irreversibly commits to cellular division. a) G1 b) G2 c) M d) G0 6) If a cell is unable to fix errors present, it can be sent to ___ until conditions improve. a) G1 b) G2 c) G0 d) M 7) The most important role of the ___ checkpoint is to make sure that chromosomes have been replicated correctly and free of damage. a) G1 b) G2 c) G0 d) M 8) The ___ checkpoint ensures that microtubules are properly attached to sister chromatids. a) G1 b) G2 c) G0 d) M 9) For the cell cycle to proceed past the M checkpoint, ___ must be attached to at least two spindle fibers. a) Microtubules b) Kinetochore c) Cohesins d) Chromosomes 10) ___ regulation will halt the cell cycle. a) Positive b) Negative 11) Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are examples of ___ regulators. a) Positive b) Negative 12) Levels of cyclin proteins ___ throughout the cell cycle in a predictable pattern. a) Stagnate b) Grow exponentially c) Fluctuate d) Decrease exponentially 13) Increases of cyclin proteins are triggered by ___ signals. a) Internal b) External c) Both d) Neither 14) ___ activates a protein by changing its shape. a) Acetylation b) Methylation c) Phosphorylation 15) The end goal of ___ is to activate a target protein that will continue in the cell cycle. a) Transcription factor E2F b) Rb c) Cdk/cyclin complex d) p53 16) Cyclin-dependent kinases are a type of enzyme known as a kinase which ___ other proteins. a) Inhibit b) Acetylate c) Activate d) Methylate 17) ___ prevent(s) the activation of Cdks with a block that can’t be removed until the event that provoked this is resolved. a) Rb b) Apoptosis c) Cdk inhibitors d) p53 18) Retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are all examples of ___ regulators. a) Positive b) Negative 19) ___ will stop the cell cycle to repair DNA and reinitiate the cell cycle. a) p53 b) Rb c) E2F d) p21 20) If repairs cannot be made under p53, ___ will occur. Faulty p53 is found in most tumor cells. a) Phosphorylation b) Inhibition c) Apoptosis d) Growth 21) When ___ is not phosphorylated, it will bind to transcription factor E2F and prevent the production of proteins encoded by the gene of interest. a) p21 b) p53 c) Rb d) Cdk 22) As p53 levels increase, the production of ___ will be triggered which will enforce the stop in the cell cycle by inhibiting Cdk/cyclin activity. a) Rb b) E2F c) p21 d) Cyclin 23) For a cell to pass all check points, all positive regulators must be ___, and all negative regulators must be ___. a) On, off b) Off, on 24) ___ begins when a gene mutation leads to a mutated protein which has an essential role in cell reproduction. a) Apoptosis b) Negative Regulation c) Positive Regulation d) Cancer 25) (A) ___ occurs when the mutated cell outpaces the growth of normal cells. a) Apoptosis b) Check point c) Faulty protein d) Tumor 26) ___ are genes that code for positive regulation of the cell cycle. a) Tumor Suppressor Genes b) Proto-oncogenes c) Oncogenes 27) ___ are segments of DNA that code for negative regulator proteins that can prevent uncontrolled cell division when activated. a) Proto-oncogenes b) Oncogenes c) Tumor Suppressor Genes 28) ___ are/is an example of proto-oncogenes while, ___ are/is an example of tumor suppressor genes. a) p53, Cdk gene b) Cdk genes, p53 c) p21, p53 d) Cdk gene, Rb 29) In cancer, oncogenes must be ___ and tumor suppressor genes must be ___. a) off, on b) on, off c) on, on d) off, off

"Cell Cycle and Cancer"

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