Ovarian Pathophysiology - Neoplastic growth of the ovary. Mainly in women 63 or older. More common in white women. Cause is unknown, and it can originate from different cell types, although it is believed to originate in the ovarian epithelium, Endometrial Pathophysiology - Also known as uterine cancer. It is a malignant neoplastic growth of the uterine lining. The pattern of spreading partially depends on the degree of cellular differentiation. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is typically preceded by hyperplasia. Carcinoma is found only on the endometrial surface., Vulvar Pathophysiology - Forms slowly over years, and usually preceded by precancerous changes termed intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). , Cervical Pathophysiology - Malignancy located in the uterine cervix. Starts with abnormal changes in the cellular lining or the surface of the cervix. Typically occurs in the squamous-columnar junction of the cervix. Then cylindrical secretory epithelial cells (columnar) meet the protective flat epithelial cells (squamous) from the outer cervix and vagina in what is termed the transformation zone., Ovarian Risk Factors - include early period onset (before 12), late menopause (after 55), increasing age after menopause, high-fat diet, obesity, persistent ovulation over time, family history, perineal talcum powder or hygiene sprays, older than 30 years at first pregnancy, positive BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, personal history of breast, bladder, or colon cancer, hormone replacement therapy for more than 10 years, infertility., Endometrial Risk Factors - Hormone exposure and obesity are believed to be in its development. Increased estrogen levels, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are all high risk factors., Vulvar Risk Factors - Can be caused by HPV infection or without HPV infection, Cervical Risk Factors  - Majority is caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPX)., Vaginal Risk Factors - Most causes are from adjacent or distant organs that the cancer originated., Vaginal Pathophysiology - squamous cell carcinomas that begin in the epithelial lining of the vagina account for about 85% of vaginal cancers. Commonly begin in the upper third of the vagina and spread early by directly invading the bladder and rectal walls. They also spread through blood and lymphatics.,

CANCER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS

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