1) If a father with hemophilia (XhY) and a mother who doesn't carry the hemophilia gene (XHXH) have children, what is the chance of their children having hemophilia? a) 0% of sons will not be affected by hemophilia and 100% of daughters will be carriers of hemophilia.  b) 50% of the sons will have hemophilia and 50% of the daughters are carriers. c) 25% of the sons will have hemophilia: 25% of the sons will not have hemophilia: 25% of the daughters will have hemophilia and 25% of the daughters will be carriers. d) All the siblings are affected by hemophilia. 2) Which organ system helps the respiratory system deliver oxygen to the body's cells? a) Digestive system b) Circulatory system c) Nervous system d) Muscular system 3) Besides allowing air to pass through, what is another important function of the larynx? a) passageway for water b) passageway for food c) produces voice d) gives energy 4) If a person has type O blood, can they receive blood from someone with type A or type B blood? a) He can receive blood from Type B donors but not Type A donors.  b) Yes, he can receive blood from both Type A and Type B donors.  c) No, he can only receive blood from Type O donors.  d) He can receive blood from Type A donors but not Type B donors. 5) What are the components of a DNA nucleotide, and how do they fit together to form the DNA structure? a) The double helix of DNA is stabilized by interactions between adjacent ribose sugars. b) DNA is comprised of nucleotide subunits each containing a base, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group.  c) DNA is comprised of nucleotide subunits each containing a base, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrate group. d) DNA is comprised of nucleotide subunits each containing a base, a ribose sugar, and a sulfate group. 6) If a black chicken (BB) is crossed with a black and white chicken (BW), what is the chance of their offspring having a black and white feather color? a) 0% of the offspring will have a black and white feather color, as the homozygous dominant parent (BB) will always pass on a dominant allele.  b) 25% of the offspring will have a black and white feather color, indicating a recessive inheritance pattern.  c) 50% of the offspring will have a black and white feather color, demonstrating the codominant nature of the trait.  d) 100% of the offspring will have a black and white feather color, suggesting a complete dominance of the black allele. 7) If a woman who is a carrier for color blindness (XCXc) marries a man with normal color vision (XCY), what is the chance of their son having color blindness? a) 0% of their sons will have color blindness.  b) 50% of their sons will have color blindness. c) 75% of their sons will have color blindness. d) 100% of their sons will have color blindness. 8) What is the best description of biodiversity? a) The different types of plants and animals living in a local ecosystem. b) The total number of species found in a specific rainforest. c) The overall richness and variety of life across all ecosystems on Earth. d) The ability of animals to adapt to different environments. 9) Which percentage would most likely represent the highest diversity index value? a) -96% b) 50% c) 79% d) 94% 10) What formula is used to calculate population density? a) Population density = (World population) / (Total land area + Total water area) b) Population density = (Total buildings) / (World population) c) Population density = (Total population) / (Land area) d) Population density = (Total population) / (Total number of cities) 11) What is the population density of RATS if there are 150 rats in a 25-square-meter area? a) 12 rats/m² b) 8 rats/m² c) 6 rats/m² d) 4 rats/m² 12) A Scientist is investigating the decline of a rainforest ecosystem. Which of the following factors should NOT be considered when analyzing the cause of the decline? a) Climate change b) The color of the trees c) Overhunting of species d) Pollution 13) If an extinction event is to take place, which organisms will likely go extinct? a) Organisms that generally serve as prey. b) Organisms that have a high population which will lead to competition. c) Organisms that lack the necessary adaptation to the new environment.  d) Organisms that have a low population because it will be hard for them to reproduce. 14) In what cell organelles do photosynthesis take place? a) Chloroplast b) Cytoplasm c) Mitochondria d) Nucleus 15) What is the correct equation for photosynthesis? a) 6H₂O + 6CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ b) 6CO₂ + 6O₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6H₂O c) 6O₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6CO₂ d) 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ 16) Which of the following cell organelles is associated with the production of chemical energy? a) Chloroplast b) Ribosome c) Mitochondria d) Nucleus 17) Which molecules are produced directly by the light-dependent reactions? a) NADPH and ATP b) Glucose and ATP c) Oxygen and NADPH d) Ferredoxin and Oxygen 18) Which of the following stages of the Calvin Cycle is in the correct order? a) Carbon Fixation, Regeneration, and Reduction  b) Reduction, Fixation, and Regeneration c) Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration d) Regeneration, Fixation, Reduction 19) Which of the following steps in the cellular respiration is in the correct order? a) Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain, glycolysis  b) Glycolysis, Electron transport chain, Krebs cycle  c) Electron transport chain, Glycolysis, Krebs cycle d) Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain 20) Given that the scientist is observing cellular respiration occurring primarily within isolated mitochondria, which stage of cellular respiration would be most likely to be observed? a) Glycolysis b) Krebs cycle c) Formation of Acetyl-CoA d) Light-dependent reaction 21) How do planting trees and creating urban gardens contribute to mitigating global warming? a) Plants perform photosynthesis. b) Plants produce oxygen during the daytime and perform transpiration. c) Plants absorb carbon dioxide that contributes to the rising of Earth’s temperature. d) Plants use up carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, release oxygen to the environment, and perform transpiration. 22) Which process is most likely contributing to the discomfort in the muscle cells? a) Krebs cycle b) Photosynthesis c) Alcoholic fermentation d) Lactic acid fermentation 23) What is the primary function of the lungs, which are the main organs of the respiratory system? a) To exchange gases between the body and the environment  b) To pump blood throughout the body  c) To regulate body temperature d) To digest food into nutrients 24) After returning from the lungs, where does oxygenated blood first enter the heart? a) left atrium b) left ventricle c) right atrium d) right ventricle 25) How do the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to get oxygen to the body's cells? a) The respiratory system cleans the blood by removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen.  b) The circulatory system sends blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and then takes it to the cells.  c) The circulatory system carries oxygen from the lungs to the digestive system for the cells to use.  d) The respiratory system breathes in oxygen, which is then absorbed by the circulatory system and carried to the cells. 26) What is the correct order of blood flow through the heart, lungs, and body? a) heart  pulmonary arteries  body  vena cava  heart  aorta  lungs  pulmonary veins  heart  b) heart  aorta  body  vena cava  heart  pulmonary arteries  lungs  pulmonary veins  heart  c) heart  vena cava  body  aorta  heart  pulmonary arteries  lungs  pulmonary veins  heart  d) lungs  left atrium  aorta  pulmonary veins  body  vena cava  heart  pulmonary arteries  heart 27) Which habit is most likely to damage both the respiratory and circulatory systems? a) Stress management  b) Smoking c) Regular exercise d) A healthy diet 28) What positive effect does a balanced diet have on the lungs and heart? a) By reducing the risk of obesity and chronic diseases  b) By increasing the need for oxygen  c) By increasing blood pressure d) By decreasing lung capacity 29) What actions can you take to lower your chances of having respiratory and circulatory issues? a) Maintain a sedentary lifestyle b) Quit smoking, exercise regularly, and eat a healthy diet  c) Increase smoking and stress levels d) Eat a diet high in processed foods 30) What is the negative impact of smoking on the respiratory system? a) It improves lung capacity. b) It helps to strengthen the lungs. c) It damages the lungs and airways.  d) It does not affect the respiratory system. 31) During inhalation, what changes occur in the diaphragm and lung pressure?  a) I and III only b) II and III only c) I, II, and III only d) I, II, and IV only 32) How does the movement of the diaphragm affect the pressure inside and outside the lungs? a) As the diaphragm moves down, the pressure inside the lungs increases while the pressure outside the body decreases.  b) As the diaphragm moves down, the pressure inside the lungs increases as does the pressure outside the body. c) As the diaphragm moves down, the pressure inside the lungs decreases while the pressure outside the body increases. d) As the diaphragm moves up, the pressure inside the lungs decreases as does the pressure outside the body. 33) Which lifestyle choice is associated with an increased risk of heart disease? a) Drinking too much water. b) Eating legumes and leafy veggies. c) Eating food with high cholesterol. d) Drinking decaffeinated coffee and tea. 34) What symptoms did the doctor likely observe to diagnose the man with a stroke? a) Face drooping, arm weakness, and slurred speech  b) Headache, fever, and difficulty in breathing c) Arm weakness, eyes become teary, and runny nose d) Inability to move both arms and difficulty in masticating 35) If a calico cat displays both orange and black fur, what is the pattern of inheritance? a) Incomplete Dominance b) Dominance c) Codominance d) Recessive 36) Which type of non-Mendelian inheritance involves the influence of multiple genes on a single trait? a) Sex-linked inheritance  b) Incomplete Dominance c) Codominance d) Polygenic inheritance 37) Which chromosome pair determines whether a person is male or female? a) 10th pair b) 13th pair c) 20th pair d) 23rd pair 38) What is the key difference between incomplete dominance and codominance? a) In codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype. b) In incomplete dominance, the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele. c) Incomplete dominance is only observed in plants, while codominance is observed in animals. d) Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype, while codominance results in a distinct phenotype. 39) If a red-flowered plant (RR) is crossed with a white-flowered plant (WW), what color will their offspring (RW) be, considering flower color in this plant species is incompletely dominant? a) RED b) WHITE c) RED AND WHITE d) PINK 40) Which human trait is influenced by a gene with multiple alleles? a) Smile dimples  b) Blood type c) Widow's peak d) Straight hairline 41) Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than in females? a) Any allele on the Y chromosome will be codominant with the matching allele on the X chromosome.  b) All alleles on the X chromosome are dominant. c) All alleles on the Y chromosome are recessive. d) A "bad" allele on the X chromosome will always produce the trait in a male. 42) Why can only two of the ABO blood group alleles be present in a single person? a) Blood group alleles are not segregated during meiosis.  b) Each allele in the ABO group must be dominant or recessive.  c) There are not enough nucleotides in a red blood cell to produce a third allele. d) Each parent contributes only one allele for the ABO blood group to the offspring. 43) What was the primary factor in the extinction of the Stellar’s sea cow? a) Climate change b) Disease c) Human activities d) Natural predators 44) Sir Poguilla has two identical plant setups: one exposed to sunlight and the other kept in darkness. Which of the following observations would the sir expect to see in each setup? a) Light setup: Increased plant growth, O₂ production; Dark setup: Decreased plant growth, CO₂ production b) Light setup: No change in plant growth or gas levels; Dark setup: Increased plant growth, CO₂ production  c) Light setup: Decreased plant growth, CO₂ production; Dark setup: Increased plant growth, O₂ production d) Light setup: Increased plant growth, O₂ production; Dark setup: No change in plant growth or gas levels

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