1) The semantic process in which a word acquires a more positive meaning is… a) Pejoration b) Specialization c) Amelioration d) Generalization 2) A word that is no longer used in the language but understood historically is… a) obsolete b) archaic c) nonce word d) barbarism 3) When a word shifts from a concrete meaning to an abstract one, it undergoes… a) metaphorization b) metonymization c) reduction d) specialization 4) The antonymic pair “buy—sell” is an example of… a) gradable antonyms b) complementary antonyms c) converse antonyms d) lexical opposites 5) Which phenomenon refers to one form having multiple unrelated a) Homophony b) Diachronic homonymy c) Polysemy d) Morphophonemics 6) Words that belong to the same semantic domain (e.g., “doctor, nurse, patient”) represent… a) collocations b) lexical diffusion c) paradigmatic contrast d) semantic field 7) Productivity in word formation refers to… a) the frequency of a word’s use b) the ability of a pattern to form new words c) the number of syllables in a word d) the semantic transparency of compounds 8) “Telephone → phone” is an example of… a) clipping b) conversion c) affixation d) metonymy 9) Which term refers to a semantic change caused by taboo avoidance? a) euphemism b) dysphemism c) semantic bleaching d) metaphorization 10) Which type of synonymy shows minimal difference in meaning and is interchangeable only a) absolute synonymy b) cognitive synonymy c) partial synonymy d) referential synonymy 11) When a word loses its semantic contrast with a near-synonym(starve vs die historically) a) semantic narrowing b) semantic neutralization c) semantic mitigation d) semantic leveling 12) When a child uses “dog” to refer to all animals, it is an example of… a) overgeneralization b) semantic drift c) lexical expansion d) hypernymization 13) A dictionary that records words from earliest to latest attested uses is… a) synchronic b) diachronic c) parallel d) onomasiological 14) Which of the following is typical of learner’s dictionaries(OALD,Longman,Macmillan)? a) alphabetical examples b) phonosemantic etymologies c) controlled defining vocabulary d) no usage labels 15) A synchronic dictionary describes language… a) across time periods b) through comparisons c) at one point in time d) only in spoken form 16) A phrasal dictionary primarily describes… a) minimal pairs b) slang usage c) archaic words d) idioms and set expressions 17) A dictionary that attempts to record all words of a language is… a) encyclopedic dictionary b) comprehensive dictionary c) learner’s dictionary d) thematic dictionary 18) A dictionary that organizes words by concepts rather than alphabetically is a… a) ideographic dictionary b) reverse dictionary c) pronouncing dictionary d) glossarial dictionary 19) Lexical semantics primarily studies… a) sound patterns of words b) meanings of words and sense relations c) sentence structure d) speech production 20) The phenomenon of a single word having multiple related meanings is… a) homonymy b) ambiguity c) synonymy d) polysemy 21) Semantic narrowing means… a) a broadening of meaning b) a shift to a negative meaning c) a reduction in meaning scope d) a shift from concrete to abstract 22) Which of the following is a case of amelioration? a) Knight changing from “servant” to “noble warrior” b) Silly changing from “happy” to “foolish” c) Deer changing from “any animal” to “specific species” d) Girl originally meaning “young person of either sex” 23) In lexical semantics, meronymy refers to… a) part–whole relations b) opposite meanings c) same spelling but different meanings d) causal relations 24) “Vehicle → car, bus, train” illustrates… a) polysemy b) componential analysis c) metaphor d) hyponymy 25) When a word shifts its meaning through similarity(foot of the mountain)the process is… a) metonymy b) metaphor c) ellipsis d) lexical contamination 26) Antonyms like buy/sell are… a) gradable b) complementary c) relational d) converse 27) Prototype theory claims that word categories… a) have strict boundaries b) consist of equal members c) have central and peripheral examples d) are defined by metalanguage 28) In lexical semantics, ambiguity occurs when… a) two senses merge b) one form has multiple interpretations c) meaning weakens over time d) synonyms become identical 29) The meaning that remains constant across all contexts is… a) referential meaning b) connotative meaning c) denotative meaning d) pragmatic meaning 30) A hypernym is… a) a word denoting a general category b) a word denoting a specific member c) a word with the opposite meaning d) a word used metaphorically 31) Which semantic relation is illustrated by “hand → finger”? a) Synonymy b) Meronymy c) Hyponymy d) Polysemy 32) The meaning that arises from cultural and emotional associations is called… a) Denotation b) Prototype c) Semantic prime d) Connotation 33) Words like “kick the bucket” are examples of… a) Metonymy b) Idiomatic polysemy c) Homonymy d) Euphemism 34) Metonymy differs from metaphor in that it is based on… a) similarity b) rhyme c) contiguity d) frequency 35) The process of a word losing its specificity and becoming more general is called… a) Narrowing b) Pejoration c) Amelioration d) Broadening 36) “Silly” originally meant “happy, blessed” but now means “foolish.” This is… a) Broadening b) Narrowing c) Pejoration d) Amelioration 37) Prototype theory claims that… a) all category members are equal b) some members are more central than others c) all words have equal frequency d) hypernyms have no prototypes 38) A semantic field is… a) A collection of words related by meaning b) A syntactic pattern c) A phonological pattern d) A historical dictionary 39) The smallest meaningful unit of a word is called… a) Morpheme b) Phoneme c) Lexeme d) Grapheme 40) A free morpheme… a) Cannot stand alone b) Can function as a word independently c) Always requires a prefix d) Exists only in compound words 41) Which of the following is a derivational suffix? a) -s (plural) b) -ed (past tense) c) -ness (as in happiness) d) -ing (progressive) 42) Inflectional morphemes… a) Change the grammatical form of a word b) Create a new word c) Always appear at the beginning of a word d) Are only prefixes 43) The process of creating a new word by shortening an existing word (ad from advertisement)is… a) Reduplication b) Blending c) Conversion d) Clipping 44) Conversion (zero derivation) means… a) Adding a prefix to form a new word b) Changing the word class without changing the form c) Creating a compound word d) Using a foreign morpheme 45) “Modernize” is formed using… a) Prefix + root b) Infix c) Root + suffix d) Clipping 46) Which of these is a compound word? a) Quickly b) Happiness c) Bookstore d) Unlikely 47) Back-formation differs from clipping in that… a) It shortens a word b) It creates a new word of a different class c) It always uses a prefix d) It always forms an adjective 48) The process of forming a noun from a verb using-ment (develop → development) is… a) Derivation b) Inflection c) Conversion d) Compounding 49) A morpheme that only contributes grammatical meaning, not lexical meaning, is… a) Free morpheme b) Bound root c) Inflectional morpheme d) Derivational morpheme 50) The word “meat” originally meant “food in general”, but now it specifically means “animal flesh”.This is an example of: a) Amelioration b) Narrowing c) Broadening d) Metaphor 51) If a word develops a more negative meaning over time, this process is called: a) Pejoration b) Amelioration c) Narrowing d) Broadening 52) The word “broadcast” originally meant “to scatter seeds”,but now means “to transmit a program”.This is an example of: a) Metaphor b) Narrowing c) Pejoration d) Amelioration 53) The word “villain” originally meant a farm laborer but later acquired the meaning “wicked person”. This change is: a) Amelioration b) Metaphor c) Broadening d) Pejoration 54) The word “head” in phrases like “head of department” is an example of: a) Metaphor b) Metonymy c) Narrowing d) Amelioration 55) When a word like “holiday” originally meant holy day but now means any day of leisure, the process is: a) Metaphor b) Metonymy c) Broadening d) Pejoration 56) Which type of semantic change involves avoidance of taboo words? a) Euphemism b) Pejoration c) Amelioration d) Weakening 57) Words within a semantic field: a) Are always synonyms b) Are always antonyms c) Must have the same grammatical category d) Share a common conceptual domain 58) Semantic fields are useful for understanding: a) Only word formation b) Phonological patterns c) Syntax rules d) Conceptual relations among vocabulary 59) Which of the following statements about semantic fields is true? a) All words in a field are synonyms b) Words in a field can share general meaning but differ in specificity c) Semantic fields always belong to the same grammatical category d) Words in a semantic field always rhyme 60) Phraseological units often: a) Can be translated word-for-word into any language b) Are always idioms c) Have a figurative meaning different from the literal meaning d) Are always nouns 61) Identify the non-idiomatic expression: a) Piece of cake b) Cold as ice c) Open the window d) Hit the sack 62) The expression “let the cat out of the bag” is an example of: a) Collocation b) Idiom c) Proverb d) Compound word 63) The phrase “to hit the sack” means: a) To fight b) To sleep c) To cook d) To travel 64) Which of the following is a proverb expressing general truth or moral advice? a) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush b) Hit the nail on the head c) Break the ice d) Piece of cake 65) The phraseological unit “by the book” means: a) Following the rules exactly b) Reading a book c) Writing notes d) Acting carelessly 66) Which of the following words is a loanword from French? a) Government b) Sky c) Tree d) Cuisine 67) A word like “television”, formed from Greek tele (far) and Latin vision (sight), is an example of: a) Pure Greek word b) Semantic change c) Loanword d) Hybrid word 68) The English word “school” comes from: a) Latin schola b) Greek schola c) Old English sceolu d) French école 69) A loan translation (calque) is: a) A word borrowed with its form intact b) A phrase or word translated literally from another language c) A word that changes meaning d) A neologism 70) English words of Scandinavian origin mainly entered the language during: a) Norman Conquest b) Renaissance c) Viking invasions d) Industrial Revolution 71) The word “quarantine” originates from the Italian quaranta giorni, meaning: a) Forty days b) Forty nights c) Forty ships d) Forty people 72) English words of French origin increased significantly after: a) The Viking invasions b) The Norman Conquest c) The Industrial Revolution d) The Renaissance 73) Which of the following is a false cognate (words that look similar but have different meanings)? a) Actual (Eng.) – aktuell (Ger.) b) Mother – Mutter c) Night – Nacht d) Water – Wasser 74) The English word “bachelor” comes from Latin baccalarius, meaning: a) Young man / novice b) Single man c) Knight d) Scholar 75) The process of forming new words by shortening and combining parts of words is called: a) Blending b) Compounding c) Affixation d) Conversion 76) Which branch of phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced by the human vocal apparatus? a) Acoustic phonetics b) Auditory phonetics c) Articulatory phonetics d) Phonology 77) Which branch of phonetics deals with the perception of sounds by the ear and brain? a) Articulatory phonetics b) Acoustic phonetics c) Auditory phonetics d) Phonology 78) The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language is called: a) Morpheme b) Syllable c) Grapheme d) Phoneme 79) Which of the following is a voiceless consonant? a) /b/ b) /g/ c) /d/ d) /p/ 80) Which of the following is a voiced consonant? a) /s/ b) /t/ c) /b/ d) /f/ 81) Which of the following is a bilabial consonant? a) /p/ b) /t/ c) /k/ d) /s/ 82) Which of the following is a palatal consonant in English? a) /m/ b) /p/ c) /k/ d) /ʃ/ 83) Which of the following words has primary stress on the second syllable? a) Teacher b) Begin c) Happy d) Table 84) Minimal pairs are used in phonetics to: a) Identify morphemes b) Teach spelling c) Teach vocabulary d) Identify phonemes 85) The consonant /θ/ as in “think” is: a) Voiced dental fricative b) Voiceless dental fricative c) Voiced alveolar stop d) Voiceless bilabial stop 86) Which of the following is an example of assimilation? a) Input b) Book c) Table d) Happy 87) Which of the following terms refers to the study of speech rhythm, stress, and intonation? a) Segmental phonetics b) Articulatory phonetics c) Acoustic phonetics d) Suprasegmental phonetics 88) The difference between phonetics and phonology is that: a) Phonetics studies abstract sound systems; phonology studies speech organs b) Phonetics studies speech sounds; phonology studies sound systems and their function c) Phonetics studies meaning; phonology studies grammar d) Phonetics studies spelling; phonology studies pronunciation 89) Which of the following is a glottal consonant? a) /h/ b) /k/ c) /t/ d) /m/ 90) The consonant /tʃ/ as in “church” is classified as: a) Voiced postalveolar affricate b) Voiceless postalveolar affricate c) Voiced alveolar stop d) Voiceless velar stop 91) In English, vowel reduction usually occurs in: a) Stressed syllables b) Unstressed syllables c) Sentence-final words d) Proper nouns 92) The consonants /p, t, k/ are called: a) Stops b) Fricatives c) Affricates d) Nasals 93) The consonants /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ/ are classified as: a) Stops b) Fricatives c) Nasals d) Approximants 94) The difference between /p/ and /b/ in English is: a) Place of articulation b) Manner of articulation c) Voicing d) Length 95) Which of the following is a velar consonant? a) /k/ b) /t/ c) /f/ d) /m/ 96) Which of the following words contains a schwa /ə/? a) About b) Cat c) See d) Run 97) Which of the following is an example of elision in English connected speech? a) Happy b) Cat c) Dog d) Next day 98) The difference between the consonants /s/ and /ʃ/ is: a) Place of articulation b) Manner of articulation c) Voicing d) Nasality 99) Which pair shows vowel length distinction in Received Pronunciation (RP)? a) Book /ʊ/ vs look /ʊ/ b) Cat /æ/ vs dog /ɒ/ c) Ship /ɪ/ vs sheep /iː/ d) Run /ʌ/ vs sun /ʌ/ 100) Quantitative methods in lexicology often involve: a) Semantic analysis only b) Studying word origins c) Counting word frequency and distribution d) Phonetic transcription

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