METABOLIC ACIDOSIS SYMPTOMS - Headache, Confusion, Drowsiness, Peripheral Vasoldilation, Decreased Cardiac output, arrythmias, shock, cold, clammy skin, INCREASED RR rate & depth. Nausea & Vomiting. DECREASED BP, Hyperkalemia, METABOLIC ALKALOSIS SYMPTOMS - Decreased GI Motility, Paralytic Ileus, Tetany (muscle cramps), tingling in fingers and toes, dizziness, HYPOCALCEMIA, HYPOKALEMIA, increased chloride in urine, Ventricular Rhythms (PVCs), RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS SYMPTOMS - Sudden hypercapnia. INCREASED BP, HR, RR, Diminished LOC, confusion, disorientation, FIRST SIGN is often ventricular fibrillation, if greater than 60 reflexive cerebrovascular vasodilation and increased cerebral blood flow. Increased intracranial pressure, resulting in papilledema and dilated conjunctival blood vessels. Hyperkalemia, Tachypnea, Cyanosis , RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS SYMPTOMS - Lightheaded, inability to concentrate. Cerebral artery vasoconstriction, decreased cerebral blood flow. Tingling, numbness, tinnitus. Sometimes loss of consciousness. Tachycardia and ventricular & atrial arrhythmias. HYPOKALEMIA, HYPOCALCEMIA, resulting in carpopedal spasms and tetany (muscle cramps), abnormal phosphate levels, METABOLIC ACIDOSIS TREATMENT - Sodium Bicarbonate. CAREFUL as adminstration during cardiac arrest may cause paradoxical acidosis. In severe cases TREAT LOW CALCIUM LEVELS FIRST TO AVOID TETANY. Possible Alkalyzing Agents, Hemodialysis, or Peritoneal Dialysis. , METABOLIC ALKALOSIS TREATMENT - Sodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride (KCl) in hypokalemia and hypocalcemia. PPIs (Omeprazole), H2 Receptor Antagonists, Carbonic anyhydrase Inhibitor (acetazolamide) in those that cannot tolerate rapid volume expansion (HF), In severe cases Hydrochloric Acid through central venous catheter or ammonium chloride. H2 Receptor Antagonists to decrease hydrogen chloride, RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS TREATMENT - Bronchodilators, Antibiotics (in an infection), thrombolytics or anticoagulants. Pulmonary physiotherapy, adequate hydration, low oxygen and mechanical ventilation may be needed, RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS TREATMENT - If caused by anxiety, have the patientt breathe into a paperbag, or rebreather mask, instruct to breathe slow. Possible antianxiety medication. No treatment is needed in mild cases,

ACID-BASE IMBALANCES symptoms & treatment

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