The direction from the cervix to the apex - Apical, The direction from the apex to the cervix - Basal, The direction towards the jaw symphysis - Mesial, The direction away from the jaw symphysis and towards the posterior end of the jaw - Distal (teeth), The direction away from the crown, from the denticle base to the denticle apex - Distal (denticles), From the denticle apex to the base, proximal refers to the direction towards the crown - Proximal, The surface or direction pointing from the skull outwards, thus towards the lips or cheeks - Labial, The surface and direction towards the skull midline, thus facing the tongue - Lingual, Tooth shed or non-articulated with the toothbearing bone - Isolated tooth, Tooth lost in vivo - Shed Tooth, Tooth within the alveolus of the tooth-bearing bone - In situ Tooth, Tooth within the alveolus and still inside the jaw - Erupted Tooth, Premaxillary teeth as well as mesial-most dentary and, in some cases, maxillary teeth that share a morphology similar or closer to that of premaxillary teeth than more distal dentary and maxillary teeth - Mesial Dentition, Tooth belonging to the mesial dentition - Mesial Tooth, Maxillary and dentary teeth that share a morphology significantly differing from that of mesial teeth - Lateral dentition, Tooth belonging to the lateral dentition - Lateral tooth, Portion of the tooth covered with enamel, typically situated above the gum and protruding into the mouth - Crown (cc), Region of the crown immediately apical and adjacent to the basal limit of the enamel layer - Crown base (cob), Portion of the tooth beneath the gum and embedded in an alveolus or an open alveolar groove - Root (ro), Region of the root immediately apical and adjacent to the basal limit of the enamel layer - Root Base (rob), Tip of the crown or the root of a tooth - Apex (ap), Mesiodistal and labiolingual expansions of the crown base that form a shelf surrounding the crown - Cingulum (ci), Transition between the crown and the root and corresponding to the basal extension of the enamel layer - Cervix (ce), A sharp, narrow, and well-delimited ridge or keel-shaped structure running apicobasally on the crown and, in some cases, on the root base, and typically corresponding to the cutting edge of the tooth - Carina (ca), Ridge located on the mesial margin of the crown - Mesial Carina (mca), Ridge located on the distal margin of the crown - Distal Carina (dca), Abnormality of the crown consisting of a bifurcation of the carina into two serrated/unserrated segment - Split Carina (spc), Outer hard mineralized surface covering the crown and mostly composed of hydroxyapatite - Enamel Layer (enl), Hard bone-like tissue comprising the bulk of a tooth beneath the enamel layer - Dentin Layer (del), The space within the central part of a tooth containing the dermal pulp and made up of the pulp chamber and a root canal - Pulp Cavity (puc), Depression or shallow concavity centrally positioned on the lingual side of the root that receives a replacement tooth - Resorption pit (rep), Distal-most border of a denticle - External Margin (ema), A projection along the carina of a tooth, whether composed of enamel or by both enamel and dentine - Serration (se), An elaborate type of serration corresponding to a projection of dentine covered with enamel along the carina - Denticle (de), A projection of dentine covered with enamel along the mesial carina - Mesial Denticle (mde), A projection of dentine covered with enamel along the distal carina - Distal Denticle (dde), Junction between two neighboring denticles - Interdenticular Diaphysis (idd), Narrow gap between two neighboring denticles, forming a chamber - interdenticular Space (idsp), Narrow opening on the distal end of the interdenticular space, separating two neighboring denticles - interdenticular Slit (idsl), Fine groove that continues a short distance onto the labial and lingual surfaces of the crown arising from between two neighboring denticles - Interdenticular Sulcus (ids), Raised, paddle-shaped tail delimited by two neighboring interdenticular sulci and running a short distance onto the labial and lingual surfaces of the crown from the base of a denticle - Cauda (cau), Cylindrical core of enamel and dentine beneath the operculum and composing most of the internal structure of the denticle - Radix (rad), Dome-shaped outer layer of the denticle composed of enamel - Operculum (ope), Flask-shaped space at the junction of each pair of opercula, beneath the interdenticular diaphysis - Ampulla (amp), Surface, typically elliptical in outline, evinced of parallel striations, occurring on the lingual or labial surfaces of the crownoccurring on the lingual or labial surfaces of the crow - Wear Facet (wfa), Irregular surface of enamel flaking - Spalled Surface (sps), Narrow apicobasally oriented groove separated by two subparallel and acute ridges - Flute (flu), Long and shallow, apicobasally oriented channel along the crown delimited by two convexities - Longitudinal Groove (lgr), Apicobasally long and narrow convexity on the crown - Longitudinal Ridge (lri), Short apicobasally oriented furrow restricted to the base of the crown - Basal Striation (bst), Mesiodistally oriented corrugated structure on the external surface of the tooth and typically on the labial and lingual margins, composed of parallel ridges and grooves of varying strength and length - Enamel Undulation (enu), Band-like enamel wrinkle extending along most of the crown width, typically from one carina to the other - Transverse Undulation (tun), Mesiodistally elongated wrinkle restricted to the vicinity of the crown and adjacent to the mesial and/or distal carinae - Marginal Undulation (mun), Wide concavity centrally positioned on the labial and/or the lingual side of the tooth, and typically extending along more than one-half of the width of the tooth surface - Labial/Lingual Depression (lad/lid), Pattern of sculpturing on the crown surface at submillimeter scale - Enamel Texture (ent),

Dinosaur tooth anatomy

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