SA node - Pacemaker of the heart and found in the right atrium , Autonomic nervous system - SA node is controlled by this , AV node - Secondary pacemaker of heart, controlled by SA node and relays impulse to ventricles , S1 - Closure of Tricuspid & mitral valves (lub)=systole , S2 - Closure of aortic and pulmonic valves (dub)=diastole , S3 - 3rd heart sound, abnormal filling during early diastole , S4 - Abnormal late diastolic sound during atrial systole (gallop), Snap - opening of the AV valve; high pitched snapping sound due to mitral stenosis , Systolic click - High pitched sound over the semilunar valves due to stenosis, Murmur - Whooshing or swishing from turbulence of blood trying to flow through a narrow valve, Pericardial friction rub - Two systolic and one diastolic, grating sound , Formula for blood pressure - BP=CO x PVR , Cardiac output - the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute , Formula for CO - CO=SV x HR, Peripheral vascular resistance - The resistance that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow , What factors affect PVR? - Vasoconstriction, vasodilation, viscosity of blood and gravity , Biological sex concerns - Females have smaller hearts, coronary arteries are narrower, but they have estrogen which protects them , Estrogen - It is cardio protective, increases HDL, lowers LDL, and dilates blood vessels , Cardiac Assessment (Focused) - HR, BP, heart sounds, rhythm, pulses, cap refill, edema , Respiratory Assessment (Focused) - Lung sounds, work of breathing, chest assessment , Normal potassium - 3.5-5.0 , Normal sodium - 135-145, Normal BUN - 7-20, Normal creatinine - 0.6-1.2, Normal HGB - Men:13-18. Women: 12-16, Normal Hct - Men: 39-49% Women: 35-45%, Cardiac Diagnostic Enzymes - Cardiac markers, proteins, hormones, lipids, Cardiac Markers - Release of specific enzymes from myocardial cells from ischemia , Examples of cardiac markers - Creatinine kinase(CK) and CK isoenzymes (CKMB) , Example of the protein and hormone - Protein is Troponin and hormone is pro-BNP ,

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