cliffhanger - When the narrative ends on a dramatic event. This doesn't mean the end of the narrative, just a pause. It is a device commonly used at the end of a chapter to entice the reader to read on., foreshadowing - Bread crumbs of clues to the reader that connect to future events., flashback - When an episode from before the plot of the narrative started helps explain a point of characterisation or where the plot is headed., flashforward - When the narrative fast forwards to a point in the future. This could be to move the story faster or show a change in the character., in media res - When a story starts in the middle of the action. This helps the reader engage quickly with the story., a red herring - idiom - a false clue which has the reader believing one thing, when in fact and other is true., twist - When something completely unexpected happens in the plot, symbolism - when something tangible represents something intangible, such as an abstract idea., direct speech - The exact words a character says., indirect speech - The intended message of a character without the exact words., characterisation - How an author uses appearance, action, speech and thoughts to build a character., mood and tone - The atmosphere and feelings associated with the story., show don't tell - How an author uses description to create understanding of a character, setting or situation. , third-person perspective - The narrator is outside of the story., first-person perspective - The story is narrated from a character's point of view (POV), a simile - Comparing something with another using 'like' or 'as', a metaphor - Comparing something with another say it 'is' the other, personification - Giving inanimate objects human characteristics, imagery - Creating an image for the reader with words, bookending - bringing back a feature of the beginning at the end,

Narrative structure devices

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