Valency-increasing: Causative, Applicative, She baked her sister a cake. (applicative), The teacher made the boy apologise. (causative), He got the mechanic to fix the car. (causative), The child cooked the mother food. (applicative), Valency-decreasing: Passive, The proposal was rejected. (passive)The meal was cooked by the chef. (passive), The meal was cooked by the chef. (passive), The window was broken. (passive), No change: Intransitive clause, Basic transitive clause, The student laughed., The cat chased the mouse. (active), The woman sang.,

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