Consonant gradation only affects certain consonants (K, P and T). The consonants K, P and T can change when they appear in the middle of a word and this change takes place when we add a case ending to a word. First, let's make couple of exercises with words that DO NOT undergo any gradations: kissa on talo____. Kissa____ on uusi lautanen. Koira ja karhu ovat ystäv____. Ne pitävät silli____, mutta silli ei pidä koirasta ja karhusta. Koira menee ____ ja karhu tulee ____. *Mennä = to go, tulla = to come. Koira menee Ouluun, koska se rakastaa ____. Karhu tulee Porista, koska ei pidä ____. Great job, Rogério! Now let's start with consonant gradation. When a word has a SINGLE consonant K, P or T in the middle, it changes like this. Both letters K and P change into V. Letter T changes into D. Exercise: add word leipoa (= to bake) in the right form. Minä ____ kakkua ja Janito ____ pullaa. Translate the following sentence: The cat likes milk and bread. Kissa pitää ____ ja ____. There are fifty crayfish on the table.____ on viisikymmentä ____. Fill in the correct form of word "rapu". ____ on herkullista ruokaa merestä. ____ on monta jalkaa. ____ ei ole helppo syödä. *Jalka = foot, helppo = easy. When a word has a DOUBLE consonant KK, PP or TT in the middle, one of the letters drops off in consonant gradation: KK > K, PP > P, TT >T. Translate the following sentence: the cat sleeps, and I sleep too. Kissa ____ ja minä ____ myös. Tänään syön mansikkakakkua. ____ on kermavaahtoa ja ____. Kissa ja lintu ovat ____, koska kissalla ja ____lla on nälkä. Kissa ja lintu kävelevät ____ ____. Nousta = to rise Laskea = to set (also: to count, to descend, to lower) Aurinko paistaa aamusta iltaan. Aurinko nousee ____ ja laskee ____. We are not yet done, but in brief summary: verbs undergo consonant gradation in the 1st and 2nd person forms: minä leivon, sinä leivot, hän leipoo, me leivomme, te leivotte, hän leipoo. Nouns are a bit more complex, but in singular cases they undergo gradation in all other cases except nominative, partitive/accusative and illative, example: kakku (nom.), kakkua (part.), kakkuun (illat.) But: kakun (gen.), kakussa (iness.), kakusta (elat.) ____ We have seen how both single and double consonants K, P, T behave. Now let's look at the combinations of K, P and T with other consonants. It is notable, that consonant gradation only applies when K, P or T is the last consonant in a pair. ____ Combinations LT, NT, RT and MP are easy: the T or P drops off and the preceding consonant doubles. Comb = kampa, plural ____; in Iceland = ____; Bridge = silta, on the bridge = ____. Finally, NK changes into NG. Kenkä = ____, Helsinki = ____. Thank you for your patience!

Consonant Gradation

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