Fossils - are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms that lived long ago. They provide us with a fascinating record of the history of life on Earth., Law of Superposition - if layers were not disturbed, the deeper you go, usually the older the fossil. Fossils from same time period are usually in same horizontal level., Relative dating - is a method used to determine the age of fossils and rocks by comparing their positions in layers of sedimentary rock. It's like figuring out the order of events based on the different layers of rock. The deeper the layer, the older it is. By studying the relationships between these layers, scientists can estimate the relative age of fossils and rocks., Radiometric dating - calculates an age in years for geologic materials by measuring the presence of a short-life radioactive element., Absolute dating - measurers the physical properties of an object itself and use these measurements to calculate its age., Petrified Fossils: - These are fossils where the original organic material has been replaced by minerals, turning it into stone., Mold Fossils: - These are formed when the remains of an organism leave an impression in sediment, creating a cavity or mold., Cast Fossils: - These are formed when a mold is filled with sediment or minerals, creating a replica of the original organism., Trace Fossils: - These are not the actual remains of an organism, but rather evidence of its activity, such as footprints, tracks, burrows, or even poop!, Amber Fossils: - These are organisms trapped and preserved in hardened tree resin, such as insects or small animals., Index fossil - is a type of fossil that is used to help determine the age of rock layers. It is typically a species that existed for a relatively short period of time but had a wide geographic distribution. By finding and identifying these index fossils in different rock layers, scientists can correlate the ages of those layers and create a relative timeline of Earth's history. They're like little time markers in the rock record!, Soft-bodied animals - are harder to become fossilized as they decay quickly - we have better fossil record of the hard-bodied or shelled organisms or the bones of an animal., Climate Change: - Drastic changes in temperature, atmospheric composition, or sea levels can disrupt ecosystems and lead to mass extinctions., Asteroid Impact: - A large asteroid colliding with Earth, like the one that wiped out the dinosaurs, can cause widespread destruction and loss of species., Volcanic Activity: - Massive volcanic eruptions can release vast amounts of gases and ash into the atmosphere, altering the climate and causing extinctions., Adaptive radiation - usually occurs after mass extinctions, it is is a fascinating process where a single ancestral species diversifies into multiple new species, each adapted to occupy different ecological roles., Fossil tracks - - The fossil record can tell us about the ecology and behavior of fossil organisms. how trace fossils like footprints, burrows and trails tell us how an animal lives., What are the 3 Characteristics of Earth that enable it to support life? p. 19-20 - Water, magnetic field, atmosphere (weather), Trace fossils - can tell us what the animal ate, was doing, how heavy it was, how and where it lived, and how large its gate was, Carbon Dating - - uses the amount of radioactivity left in carbon to determine the fossils age, Amber, ice or tar - - any of these materials forming around the rock completely preserves the animal, Steps of fossilization: - 1. Dies and falls to ground, 2. Covered in sediment, 3. Decays over time 4. Leaves an imprint 5. Fills with minerals  , The essay: - The solar system formed a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust, called a solar nebula. An unknown event such as the shock wave caused by a supernova or the movement of a passing star caused the cloud to begin to collapse under its own gravity. As it contracted it took the shape of a flat disk of gas and dust rotating faster and faster. About 99.8 percent of all material eventually formed a giant ball of gas and dust at the center of the disk. The pressure made it heat up. The pressure and heat caused hydrogen atoms to fuse together to form helium. The star that we now know as the sun had formed. The remaining material became the planets with a process called accretion,

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