x-axis - The bottom/horizontal axis of any graph, where the IV is typically plotted, y-axis - The left/vertical axis of any graph, where the DV is always plotted, trendline - The data shown in a line graph: showing the general direction that a group of data points is following. , key - A section on a graph that explains what the different colors or symbols represent on the graph. , independent variable - The experimental factor that is intentionally changed or controlled to determine the effect it has on the results of the study. This is usually plotted on the x-axis. , dependent variable - The experimental factor that is being tested and measured in a study. (The label for the 'data' the scientist gathers.) This is usually plotted on the y-axis., diffusion (general idea) - The process of easily moving materials through a membrane WITHOUT using any energy moving from high to low concentration of molecules. This happens between our capillaries and another nearby structure (like our neurons, our intestines, our lungs, etc.). , concentration - The amount of a substance in a particular amount of space. HIGH = lots of material tightly packed together in a space. LOW = less material with more room to move around in the space. , digestion - The act of breaking down food into smaller pieces and/or nutrient molecules. There are two types of this action., absorption - The act of taking in helpful nutrients from our food into the bloodstream (this occurs within a few different structures)., elimination - The act of removing undigested wastes from our body (after we have already taken in the helpful/necessary nutrients)., mechanical digestion - The method of physically breaking down food into smaller pieces. This action increases the surface area of the food and ALSO speeds up the next related process. Ex: teeth chewing, stomach crushing food, chemical digestion - The method of using enzymes to dissolve food into smaller nutrients and molecular building blocks. If the food has more surface area (borders/edges), this step goes faster., gastrointestinal tract - All structures within the digestive system that have food pass directly through them., accessory organ - All structures in the digestive system that HELP with digestion in some way, but do not actually ever touch the food themselves., mouth - The structure that contains our teeth & saliva glands. This is the first site of digestion. , teeth - Structures within the mouth that are responsible for the first mechanical digestion of your food. When you chew, you increase the surface area of the food itself (you create more border spaces on it). This is part of GI tract., saliva glands - These create saliva and release it into the mouth. An accessory organ., saliva - A liquid made by the saliva glands and released into your mouth. This has enzymes that help with chemical digestion of sugars. This is made by an accessory organ., stomach - A structure that receives food after it has been in the esophagus. Food stays here for 2-6 hours as it gets crushed by the strong muscular walls. The location of the most mechanical digestion. Part of GI tract., small intestine - A structure that receives food after it has been in the stomach. It has a skinny diameter (2.5 cm, 1 in). The first part does chemical digestion, the second part absorbs nutrients. Part of GI tract., villi - Finger-like structures on the inner walls of the 2nd half of the small intestine. They contain capillaries and are in charge of absorbing nutrients (like glucose) from the food passing through. These add more edges on the intestine walls, which helps to speed up the absorption of nutrients., pancreas - A structure that produces enzymes (chemicals) that are sent to the small intestine. This helps to chemically digest all types of food nutrients (such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats). An accessory organ connected to the small intestine. , gallbladder - A structure that releases bile, which is made in the liver & sent here for temporary storage. The bile will mechanically digest the fats in our food. An accessory organ connected to the small intestine. , large intestine - The structure that food passes through after the small intestine. It has a wide diameter (6 cm, 2.5 in). This is in charge of absorbing water from our food waste. It has wrinkles to add more edges on the walls, which speeds up water absorption. Part of GI tract., diffusion (related to respiratory) - The no-energy-needed movement of gases into or out of our bloodstream from high to low concentration (from packed together to more spread out). This movement is how the process of gas exchange occurs. , capillary - Very thin-walled blood vessels that wrap around our lungs or other organs to allow for a quick transfer of materials. The thin walls make these the best location for gas exchange., cilia - Hair-like structures in the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi that sweep 'used' mucus to the throat for removal, mucus - A sticky, wet substance in the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi that catches contaminants as the air passes through, nostrils - The two openings at the front of the nose, through which it is best to INHALE air, nasal cavity - The open space behind the nostrils that contains mucus & cilia to filter the incoming air (and it also has blood vessels), trachea - The main tube for air that leads to and from your lungs. Also called the windpipe. Surrounded by cartilage to make sure it stays open. Contains mucus (and cilia) as another filter to trap contaminants before they would reach the lungs., bronchi - The 2 tubes that branch off the trachea, leading directly into the right and left lung. These branches become smaller and smaller inside of the lungs. They contain mucus (and cilia) as one final location for filtering contaminants out of the incoming air., alveoli - The tiny balloon-like sacs for air that are at the ends of the bronchi and are surrounded by many tiny capillaries. These are the location of gas exchange which allows cellular respiration to occur in the rest of our body., gas exchange - A process that happens within our capillaries when substances move into or out of the blood. If this happens at the alveoli, oxygen moves INTO the blood from the alveoli. If this happens at a different organ, oxygen moves OUT OF the blood into that organ that needs it. , cellular respiration - The energy-production process that occurs within our cells. Oxygen breaks down glucose to make usable energy (ATP). Carbon dioxide and water vapor are also made as waste products. , oxygen - The gas that we inhale from the air; it is one necesary ingredient for making usable energy in cells, carbon dioxide (related to respiratory) - A gas that we exhale to the air; it is one 'waste product' created as we make usuable energy in cells., water vapor - A gas that we exhale to the air; it is one 'waste product' created as we make usable energy in cells. (It is sometimes a gas form and sometimes a helpful liquid form in our bodies.), biotic factor - Anything in an environment that is now OR was once living. (It can grow, react to environmental changes, move nutrients around inside it, reproduce, etc.), abiotic factor - Anything in an environment that is not living - and it never has been. These factors could be natural or man-made., species - A group of organisms that are all physically similar to one another. They should be able to reproduce and create offspring that also have those same features., organism - An individual living thing / One biotic factor / One member of a species. It's the smallest living unit of organization in environments. , population - All the members of one species in a certain area. (How many organisms of one species in an area.) It doesn't matter how large of an area you refer to, as long as you define where it is., community - All the living things in a certain area. OR All the biotic factors in an area. OR All the populations in an area., ecosystem - All the living and non-living things in a certain area. OR All the biotic & abiotic factors in an area. Remember that these factors will interact with each other., species diversity - A form of biodiversity: This is when there is more than one type of species in an environment. A high amount of this is a sign of an overall healthy and stable ecosystem. , resource - Factors in an ecosystem that the species rely on. Examples: food, water, atmospheric gases, shelter, mates, territory, etc., competition - A type of community interaction. This can occur within one species, or between members of multiple species. It's when organisms fight over limited available resources. This is the "driving reason" that causes natural selection within a species. It results from growing population sizes. , predation - A type of community interaction. This typically occurs between members of two or more species. It is hunting with the intent to kill and eat., predator - The hunter in the predation relationship. *If you are eating plants, you cannot be one of these - because you're not HUNTING plants!, prey - The animal that is the food source in a predation relationship. (Plants can NOT be one of these!), symbiosis - A type of community interaction. This must occur between members of two or more species who are 'living together' in a close relationship. At least one organism will always benefit., mutualism - A type of symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. It is good for everyone involved. Ex: a human and a pet dog, commensalism - A type of symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected. Ex: barnacles on a turtle, parasitism - A type of symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed. Ex: flea and a dog, parasite - An organism that lives in or on another organism, usually harming it by taking some nutrients. This does NOT "want" to kill the organism it lives on, though!, host - An organism that is lived on or in by another. It may be harmed by that organism (even by getting a disease from it)., natural selection - A process of long-term change within a species, "driven" by competition for resources. The best-adapted members of the species (should) live longest and (should) have the most chances to reproduce - and (should be able to) create more individuals that look like them., adaptation - A physical or behavioral "trait" that ideally helps a species live well in its environment., genetic diversity - A form of biodiversity: This occurs when members of the same species have different characteristics to likely help with survival. AND...this is influenced by natural selection as the 'best' traits tend to occur more over time, and the 'worst' traits tend to disappear over time., food chain - A basic series of interactions between living members of an ecosystem. There are usually only a few species connected in a direct pathway, showing a simple flow of energy through each of the species. , food web - A complex series of interactions between the living members of an ecosystem. There are usually several species connected by multiple pathways, based on the flow of energy through that ecosystem., producer - An organism that creates its own food through the process of photosynthesis. (AKA: plants.), consumer - An organism that cannot perform photosynthesis to create food. These must eat other organisms as their food source. (AKA: animals.), herbivore - A specific type of consumer with a digestive system that can only process plants (as a food source). , carnivore - A specific type of consumer with a digestive system that can only process animals (as a food source)., omnivore - A specific type of consumer with a digestive system that can process both plants and animals (as food sources). , pollution - The release of harmful substances into the environment, often affecting the water or air. This can come from man-made or natural sources., natural resource - Materials on our planet used by humans for many reasons (food, shelter, etc.); they are often used for a source of ENERGY. , renewable resource  - Any material on the planet that is always available for use or is able to be replaced pretty quickly. , nonrenewable resource  - Any material on the planet that is NOT able to be replaced in a useful amount of time, and could therefore run out., developmentalist  - A perspective that believes humans should be allowed to use all of earth's resources (land, animals, oil, plants, etc.) for their benefit, no matter the cost or effect on the environment. "Motto" = USE RESOURCES FOR MONEY/BENEFIT. , preservationist  - A perspective that believes humans should not use earth's resources (especially ones not able to be replaced), no matter how beneficial they may be to us - because all species should be treated with respect. "Motto" = DO NOT USE RESOURCES. , conservationist  - A perspective that believes humans should be allowed to use earth's resources as needed, as long as they do so in a responsible manner. "Motto" = USE, BUT DON'T ABUSE, RESOURCES. , greenhouse effect  - The trapping of solar heat near the earth's surface, caused by natural levels of certain gases in our atmosphere. Because of this, our temperatures stay 'normal' and life on our planet can exist. Without this, our daily temperatures would be about 100 degrees F colder - too cold for life! , global warming  - The intensified trapping of solar heat near the earth's surface, due to larger amounts of certain gases in our atmosphere. We know it's happening: we can measure the higher levels of gases and the warmer temperatures. The reason it's a theory is due to questions about how much of an influence humans have on these changes., climate change - A difference in the global or regional patterns of temperature and precipitation, largely linked to increased levels of carbon dioxide (and other gases) in the atmosphere. These changes can significantly affect the ability of certain species to live in certain ecosystems., carbon dioxide (related to climate) - One of the gases in our atmosphere that naturally keeps in some of the sun's heat around earth's surface. Too much of this gas (from the burning of trees & fossil fuels) can cause too much solar heat to be trapped. , nitrous oxide - One of the gases in our atmosphere that naturally keeps in some of the sun's heat around earth's surface. It's the most "powerful" greenhouse gas and is THE BEST at absorbing heat. Too much of this gas (from agriculture & transportation emissions) can cause way too much solar heat to be trapped. , methane  - One of the gases in our atmosphere that naturally keeps in some of the sun's heat around earth's surface. It's a more "powerful" greenhouse gas than CO2 and is very good at absorbing heat. Too much of this gas (from an increase of agriculture farms, the burning of fossil fuels, & melting of underground Arctic ice) can cause too much solar heat to be trapped., microplastics - Extremely tiny pieces of plastic in the environment. They form as bigger plastic items break down. These are especially causing problems for marine wildlife that accidentally eat them (thinking they're food). These are also showing up in our food and water supply., dead zone - An area (or areas) in a body of water with too little dissolved oxygen to support aquatic life. These are caused by algae blooms (from too many nutrients) or excess sediment. The area can grow/shift/move over time., nutrient - A substance that provides a "boost" for an organism and helps it grow. Too much of this can be a bad thing for an ecosystem. Common types causing problems in the Chesapeake Bay are nitrogen & phosphorus. , surface runoff - water that flows (downhill) over the ground after a rain event (it does not immediately get soaked into the ground), metabolism - A characteristic of life: all living things use energy and consume nutrients in order to perform life-sustaining chemical reactions., homeostasis - A characteristic of life: all living things have ways to keep their internal environment stable (balanced) even when there are changes in the external environment., growth - A characteristic of life: all living things become more complex and larger. Ex: individual cells get bigger before dividing into new cells. , reproduction - A characteristic of life: all living things can create new organisms. This process can be either asexual (simpler cell replication involving a single parent organism), or sexual (requiring two parents and a combining of DNA)., response to stimuli - A characteristic of life: all living things react to changes in their environment. These reactions MIGHT help to maintain homeostasis, or they might not. , organization - A characteristic of life: all living things contain coordinated parts and are made up of one or more cells., evolution - A characteristic of life: all living things - and the populations of those living things - experience changes in the genetic diversity over time. The traits that provide an advantage more than other traits are the most likely ones to become more common over many generations., movement - An "unofficial" characteristic of life: all living things are able to transport necessary materials internally within themselves.,

Final Exam GOLD 23.24

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