A group of islands closely scattered in a body of water. - ARCHIPELAGO, A long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs or steep slopes. - FJORD, A narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses, with water on both sides. - ISTHMUS, An area of land that is almost completely surrounded by water but connected to the mainland. - PENINSULA, The theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into large plates that move and interact. - PLATE TECTONICS, A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, often carved by a river or erosion. - CANYON, A triangular-shaped area of land at the mouth of a river, formed by sediment deposits. - DELTA, A shallow body of water separated from the sea by sandbars, coral reefs, or barrier islands. - LAGOON, A vast, flat, treeless region in cold climates, characterized by frozen ground and low vegetation. - TUNDRA, The distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. - LATITUDE, The distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees. - LONGITUDE, The art and science of map-making and map design. - CARTOGRAPHY, The arrangement of physical features of an area, such as mountains, valleys, and rivers. - TOPOGRAPHY, The natural light display in the Earth's sky, also known as the Northern Lights. - AURORA BOREALIS, The process of wearing away the Earth's surface by natural forces like wind, water, and ice. - EROSION, A place recognised by the United Nations for its cultural, historical, scientific, or natural significance. - UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE, The waters adjacent to a country's coast over which it has sovereignty. - TERRITORIAL WATERS, The layer of Earth where life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. - BIOSPHERE, The process of glaciers shrinking due to a reduction in ice accumulation. - GLACIAL RETREAT, The gradual transformation of fertile land into arid desert, often due to overuse or environmental factors. - DESERTIFICATION, The whitening of coral reefs due to stress, often caused by rising sea temperatures. - CORAL BLEACHING, The widespread removal of forests, often for agricultural or industrial purposes. - DEFORESTATION, The process by which certain gases trap heat from the sun in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to a warming effect. - GREENHOUSE EFFECT, A semi-arid region in Africa, located between the Sahara Desert and the savannas. - SAHEL, A region in Southeast Europe known for its complex history and diverse cultures. - BALKANS, The mountain range in South Asia, home to the world's highest peaks, including Mount Everest. - HIMALAYAS, The climate of a small, localised area that can differ from the surrounding region. - MICROCLIMATE, A seasonal wind pattern that brings heavy rainfall, common in South and Southeast Asia. - MONSOON, Facing the wind or situated on the side facing the wind. - WINDWARD, A network of trade routes that connected the East and West, facilitating cultural exchange. - SILK ROAD, A period in history when European powers expanded their geographical knowledge and territories. - AGE OF EXPLORATION, The deterioration of the quality of land, often caused by human activities. - LAND DEGRADATION, A pointed piece of land extending into the sea or another body of water. - CAPE, A low area of land between hills or mountains, often with a river flowing through it. - VALLEY, The highest point of a mountain or hill. - PEAK, The land on the edge of a river, often with distinctive flora and fauna. - RIVERBANK, A large, naturally occurring community of flora and fauna in a specific habitat. - BIOME, A vast, remote, and sparsely populated region in the Australian interior. - OUTBACK, An area of elevated land, often characterised by mountains or hilly terrain. - HIGHLANDS, The wide, lower part of a river where it meets the sea, characterised by brackish water and tidal influences. - ESTUARY,

UNIT 2: GEOGRAPHY

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