What two key processes distinguish school-age language development from early childhood? - Shifting sources of language input and the acquisition of metalinguistic competence., At what age do children typically shift from oral to written language input, and why is this shift important? - Around ages 8–10; it allows individualized vocabulary development and enhances semantic, phonological, and pragmatic skills through reading., What is the "ungluing from print" milestone in reading development? - It refers to children becoming fluent readers who can focus on meaning rather than decoding each word. Typically occurs in Stage 2 (ages 7–8)., What characterizes Chall’s Stage 3: 'Reading to learn'? - From ages 9–14, children transition from reading to decode to reading to acquire knowledge, expanding vocabulary and world knowledge., What is metalinguistic competence and why is it important in school-age years? - It’s the ability to think about and analyze language. It grows through language-based tasks in school and is crucial for reading, writing, and abstract thinking., What is phonemic awareness, and how does it relate to reading? - It is awareness of individual sounds in words (like blending, segmenting, and manipulating phonemes), and it supports and is supported by reading development., How do metaphors and similes differ, and when do children begin to understand them? - Metaphors imply comparison; similes use "like" or "as." Children begin understanding them in preschool, but skills grow into adolescence., What is the difference between sarcasm and verbal irony? - Sarcasm targets a specific person’s failure; irony reflects unmet general expectations. Understanding these nuances improves around age 9–10., Why are proverbs especially difficult for children to master? - They require abstract and culturally embedded thinking. Understanding improves gradually through adolescence and is linked to academic success., How can culturally familiar texts help English language learners (ELLs)? - They boost interest, connect new content with prior knowledge, and provide culturally relevant context for understanding and engagement.,

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