pragmatics - the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature., referential meaning - (Opposed to associative or emotive meaning) covers basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word., politeness - a universal communicative category which includes a system of culturally specific strategies aimed at harmonious and non-confrontational communication meeting the expectations of an interlocutor., face - a sociological concept for an individual's public self-image. One's face is always in progress and develops within social interaction. Each individual in a social group has his/ her own face that he/she wants to protect against threats., context - Refers to all elements of a communicative situation, verbal, non-verbal, the given speech situation, the relationship between the speaker and the hearer , their knowledge and their attitude, co-text - Refers to the language immediately surrounding the item in question which tells us its meaning., deixis - Refers to a word or phrase that shows the time, place or situation a speaker is in when talking., inference - A form of reasoning whereby we draw consequences that can be either logical/necessary., presupposition - An implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse., anaphora - A type of cohesive relation which points to an earlier reference in the text., cataphora - The use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer ahead to another word in a sentence., pragmatic markers - These are some words which speaker uses to convey his message to a listener. Examples: I mean, I think, I do not know, well, actually and right, etc., face-threatening act - An act (linguistic or non-linguistic) that threatens someone's positive or negative face., face-saving act - An act that lessens the possible threat to another's face., negative face - The need to be independent and free ffrom imposition., positive face - The need to be connected, to belong, to be a member of the group., speech act - An utterance defined in terms of a speaker's intention and the effect it has on a listener., performative verbs - Verbs that explicitly convey the type of speech act being performed., direct speech act - The act when there is a direct relationship between the structure and the communicative function of the utterance., indirect speech act - The act of conducting an illocutionary act indirectly.,

Pragmatics

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