Romanesque art, architecture, sculpture, and painting characteristic of the first of two great international artistic eras that ____ in Europe during the Middle Ages. Romanesque architecture emerged about 1000 and lasted until about 1150, by which time it had ____ into Gothic. The Romanesque was at its ____ between 1075 and 1125 in France, Italy, Britain, and the German lands.The name Romanesque refers to the ____ of Roman, Carolingian and Ottonian, Byzantine, and local Germanic traditions that make up the mature style. Although perhaps the most ____ advances in Romanesque art were made in France, the style was current in all parts of Europe except those areas in eastern Europe that preserved a full-fledged Byzantine tradition. Its geographic distribution resulted in a wide ____ of local types. (See Burgundian Romanesque style; Cistercian style; Norman style.) Romanesque art resulted from the great expansion of ____ in the 10th and 11th centuries, when Europe first ____ a measure of political stability after the fall of the Roman Empire. Several large monastic orders, notably the Cistercian, Cluniac, and Carthusian, ____ up at this time and quickly expanded, establishing churches all over western Europe. Their churches had to be larger than previous ones in order to ____ increased numbers of priests and monks and allow access to ____ who wished to view the saints’ relics kept in the churches. The art of monumental sculpture was ____ in western Europe during the Romanesque period after almost 600 years of ____. Relief sculpture was used to depict biblical history and church doctrine on the capitals of columns and around the massive doors of churches. A relative stylistic freedom from the classical figural tradition, a ____ of angular Germanic design, and the inspiration of religion combined to produce a ____ style of sculpture. Natural objects were freely transformed into visionary images that derive their power from abstract linear design and from expressive ____ and stylization. This spiritualized art reveals the Romanesque concern with transcendental values, in ____ contrast to the markedly more naturalistic and humanistic sculpture of the Gothic art. Much of the monumental painting of the Romanesque period covered the interior walls of churches. The fragments that survive show that ____ painting imitated sculptural style. Manuscript illumination, in the ____ of capital letters and marginal decoration, also followed the sculptural trend toward linear stylization. Both sculpture and painting incorporated a broad range of subject matter, reflecting the general ____ of learning: contemporary theological works, biblical events, and the lives of saints were common subjects. Gothic art began to ____ Romanesque in the mid-12th century.

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