Defining (essential information): John Smith was the scientist who wrote the book identifying the negative impacts of climate change., The UK is the country where the first clean air law was passed., Companies who contribute the most to greenhouse gas emissions will be taxed the highest., The professor that published this article is the leading authority on the subject., The student who handed in his essay late will receive a 10% deduction penalty., Energy sources which produce greenhouse gasses should not be used., Gives information about noun or noun phrase, Information given is essential to the meaning of the sentence, This type of relative clause tells you which person, thing, etc. the speaker means, Without this type of clause the sentence does not have the same meaning, 'That' can be used for a thing, place, time or a person, No commas are used, Non-defining (extra information): Wind turbines, which may be offshore, provide clean and renewable energy., That wind farm, which was opened in 2020, is the largest in the country., Canberra, which has 100% carbon neutral energy, is Australia's leader in renewable energy., South Australia, where Australia's largest battery complex is located, is at the forefront of solar technology. , That are of land, which is currently being developed, will be the location of the largest biomass power plant in the southern hemisphere., Geothermal power, which is power generated from the earth's heat, is the simplimist renewable technology in use today. , Provides information about noun or noun phrase, Information given is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, This type of relative clause does not tell you which person, thing, etc. the speaker means. We already know which thing, person, etc., Without this type of clause the sentence does still have the same meaning, 'That' cannot be used in this type of a clause at all, Commas are used to either surround a relative clause or separate it from the main one in a sentence,

U3.1_Defining and non-defining relative clauses

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