The ____ among monarchies, tyrannies, oligarchies, and constitutional governments, like other traditional ____ of political systems, is no longer very descriptive of political life. A king may be a ceremonial ____ in one of the ____ democracies of western Europe, or he may be an absolute ____ in one of the emerging ____ of North Africa, the Middle East, or Asia. It may be said of the reigning dynasties of modern Europe that they have ____ only because they failed to retain or to ____ effective powers of government. Royal lines have been ____ only in those countries of Europe in which royal rule was severely ____ prior to the 20th century or in which royal absolutism had never firmly ____ itself. More successful dynasties, such as the Hohenzollerns in Germany, the Habsburgs in Austria-Hungary, and the Romanovs in Russia, which ____ to rule as well as to ____ at the opening of the 20th century, have paid with the ____ of their thrones. Today in countries such as Great Britain or the Netherlands or Denmark the monarch is the ceremonial ____ of state, an indispensable ____ in all great official ____ and a symbol of national ____ and of the ____ of the state, but is almost entirely ____ in power. Monarchy in the parliamentary democracies of modern Europe has been ____ to the status of a dignified institutional facade behind which the functioning mechanisms of ____ — cabinet, parliament, ministries, and parties — go about the tasks of ruling. The 20th century has also seen the demise of most of the hereditary monarchies of the non-Western world. Thrones have toppled in Turkey, in China, in most of the Arab countries, in the principates of India, in the tribal ____ of Africa, and in several countries of South¬east Asia. The kings who ____ their position do so less by the claim of legitimate blood descent than by their ____ as popular leaders ____ for well-publicized programmes of national economic and social reform or as national military chieftains.

Monarchy_ International Relations_Unit 1

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