1) Reading to learn requires forming hierarchies of interpretation by connecting different pieces of information. a) Reading Speed and Fluency b) Establishing Connections c) Reading Purposes in Academic Settings d) Complexities of Reading Comprehension 2) What is Reading? a) Carver (1992), listening is a reading process requiring recognition of a visual form (a member, word or phrase) that can be matched to forms in the text. b) Reading in a second language (L2) goes beyond grasping the surface of the text; it involves intricate connections and integration of information. c) Reading lesson sequences are structured plans or frameworks designed to guide educators in teaching reading skills to students d) Reading is the process of interpreting written or printed text to understand its meaning, typically by looking at and understanding words and sentences. 3) Fluent readers process text efficiently, averaging 200–230 words per minute. a) Complexities of Reading Comprehension b) Establishing Connections c) Reading Purposes in Academic Settings d) Reading Speed and Fluency 4) Explicit instruction on key vocabulary words encountered in the text, including definitions, word analysis, and context clues. a) Reading b) Listening c) Vocabulary Development d) Assessment 5) Higher-level comprehension entails harmonizing concepts from a text into a unified meaning representation. a) Integration of Text and Background Information b) Establishing a Summary Model c) Coordination of Ideas d) Formation of Text Model and Situation Model 6) Engaging students in activities that activate prior knowledge, introduce new vocabulary, and set the purpose for reading. a) Pre-reading Activities b) Vocabulary Development c) Assessment d) Reading 7) A typical reading lesson sequence might include: a) 5 b) 7 c) 9 d) 2 8) Limited vocabulary knowledge can hinder comprehension, as learners may struggle to understand unfamiliar words and phrases in L2 texts. a) Vocabulary b) Grammar and Syntax c) Cultural Context d) Comprehension 9) Reading in a second language (L2) can present various challenges for learners. Some common issues include: a) 7 b) 4 c) 6 d) 9 10) Difficulty understanding complex grammatical structures and sentence syntax can impede comprehension and slow down reading speed. a) Grammar and Syntax b) Comprehension c) Anxiety d) Semantic

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