1) Jeffery is having fun at a party. He is supposed to be home at midnight. Although he'd like to stay longer, he can't stand the thought of being yelled at by his father, so he comes home on time. What principle is in effect? a) escape conditioning b) shaping c) negative reinforcement d) avoidance conditioning e) stimulus-discrimination conditioning 2) Fading refers to: a) the development of a new behavior by the successive reinforcement of closer approximations b) the extinguishing of incorrect responses c) pairing a stimulus not originally reinforcing with an object that is positively reinforcing d) the gradual change of the stimulus controlling a response such that the response eventually occurs to a partially or completely changed stimulus 3) Melvin’s parents have been ignoring his crying when he is put to bed. Melvin has gone five nights without crying. However, on the sixth night he begins to cry when put to bed. What principle may be responsible for Melvin’s crying reappearing? a) forgetting b) differential reinforcement c) spontaneous recovery d) ratio strain 4) Deprivation refers to: a) the behavior being modified b) withholding a reinforcer for a period of time in order to increase the effectiveness of the reinforcer c) the response being combined with reinforcers from a behavioral chain d) the gradual removal of discriminative stimuli 5) Mr. Hatchet is teaching Bluto to dress himself. He starts by placing Bluto’s pants on him and pulling them all the way up. He then places Bluto’s hands on the top of the pants and tells him, “Snap your pants.” Eventually Bluto’s pants are placed in front of him with the instruction to “Put your pants on.” What technique is Mr. Hatchet employing? a) fading b) modeling c) stimulus-response chain d) backward chaining 6) Positive reinforcement refers to: a) any stimuli presented after a behavior occurs that increases the probability of that behavior occurring in the future b) some property of a stimuli becoming more different from the response c) any stimuli when removed after a behavior occurs that increases the probability of that behavior occurring in the future d) any response that prevents the occurrence of a punisher 7) Stimulus generalization occurs when a) the individual learns not to emit a behavior in the presence of certain stimuli b) the individual responds in a similar manner to different stimuli c) the individual learns to respond differently in different situations d) the individual decreases their responding after being transferred to another setting 8) Rubbing two sticks together to make fire or burning a hole in a leaf with a magnifying glass are examples of which schedule of reinforcement? a) variable interval b) fixed duration c) variable ratio d) variable duration 9) Successive approximations refers to a) an individual acting independently of the environment b) experiencing successful performance on a task c) removing aversive stimuli immediately after a response occurs d) reinforcing behaviors that gradually approach the terminal behavior 10) Stimulus control refers to a) any stimuli, that when removed, increases the occurrence of a behavior b) regulating the amount of stimuli an individual is exposed to at any one time c) any stimuli presented after a behavior occurs d) any antecedent stimuli that alters a response 11) Superstitious behavior refers to: a) the development of desirable stimulus control over pleasant interactions b) prompting and shaping techniques to condition superstitions c) a positive reinforcer and response being inadvertently associated together d) individuals avoiding punishing consequences by not making a response 12) Little Martha keeps bugging her mom to buy her some gum while they are standing in line at the grocery store. Her mom does not appear to hear her. What principle is her mom employing? a) maintenance b) punishment c) extinction d) forgetting e) minimization 13) On what type of schedule of reinforcement are slot machines programmed? a) fixed ratio b) variable interval c) variable ratio d) fixed interval 14) Ms. Zeppelin is puzzled why giving Elmer a candy bar no longer results in him raising his hand to ask a question even though he had been given a candy bar for the previous 10 correct responses. What might Elmer be experiencing? a) stimulus control b) reinforcement density c) satiation d) unconditioned reinforcer 15) For maximum effectiveness, a reinforcer should be given: a) only when the behavior occurs on a consistent basis b) shortly after the desired response occurs c) after several different behaviors occur d) immediately after the desired response occurs 16) Mr. Nettle reinforces Hogarth for writing his name in he left hand corner of his spelling paper. Mr. Nettle does not collect Hogarth’s paper if his name appears anywhere else on the paper. What type of training is Mr. Nettle employing? a) extinction b) stimulus discrimination c) antecedent control d) punishment 17) When will ratio strain occur? a) when the reinforcer is too heavy to lift or the person receiving the reinforcement is too light b) if too much responding is required or if the amount of responding to receive reinforcement increases too rapidly c) when too much reinforcement is delivered too quickly d) when the individual is severely handicapped and does not see the connection between behavior and reward 18) Response differentiation refers to: a) changes in behavior as a function of the passage of time b) the process of using a behavior that occurs often to reinforce a behavior that seldom occurs c) recognition that one member of a response class will be reinforced to the while other members will not be reinforced d) a positive reinforcer for one response, if programmed to follow another response will condition the new response 19) Ms. Waskie says “good work” to Elmer after he completed 15 problems on his math worksheet. The next day he only completed 8 problems. In this situation, saying “good work” is an example of: a) punishment b) extinction c) positive reinforcement d) negative reinforcement 20) The buzzer that goes off in your car until you put your seat belt on is an example of: a) deprivation b) extinction c) spontaneous recovery d) punishment e) negative reinforcement 21) Which of the following is an example of stimulus control? a) receiving a course syllabus on the first day of class b) a teacher rewards a student for completing an assignment c) seeing a red light and then stopping at this traffic signal d) a dog salivating after being given a small amount of food 22) Little Maynard is learning to put on his socks. His father reinforces him when he first grasps his sock with both hands. He is then reinforced for placing the sock on his toes, then his foot, and finally when he pulls it up his calf. What principle is his father employing? a) shaping b) fading c) weaning d) modeling e) imitation 23) A response whose frequency has been increased through positive reinforcement is said to have been: a) deprived b) satiated c) punished d) conditioned e) controlled 24) In backward chaining: a) some property of a stimuli becomes different from the original discriminative stimuli while the individual continues to emit the same response b) the individual is taught to perform the behavior backwards c) the initial response in the chain is reinforced first d) the terminal response in the chain is conditioned first 25) Little Naomi just learned how to say “dada” in the presence of her father. When the mailman delivered a package, Naomi called him “dada.” Which of the following best described the process by which she said "dada" in the presence of the mailman? a) stimulus generalization b) positive reinforcement c) antecedent discrimination d) shaping e) superstitious behavior 26) Little Sally kicks another child in class. As a result, her teacher takes Sally’s recess away for that day. What type of punishment is her teacher employing? a) tertiary punishment b) contingent withdrawal of a positive reinforcer c) response-maintenance punishment d) contingent application of an aversive stimulus 27) Extinction refers to: a) the behavior that the organism is capable of emitting b) the process of withholding reinforcement for a conditioned response c) the degree to which an individual agrees with a behavioral goal or program d) a physical object or event that has an effect upon he behavior of an individual 28) Forgetting refers to: a) allowing a response to occur but withholding reinforcement b) the passage of time preventing the response from occurring c) the average frequency of behavior d) punishing a behavior until it no longer occurs 29) 11- Murphy is learning how to obtain his teacher's attention. He can either raise his hand, write her a note, yell out, or walk up to her desk. What are all the behaviors that result in Murphy obtaining his teacher's attention called? a) response class b) generalization c) response extinction d) positive reinforcement e) internal validity

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