Double Helix - A twisted, ladder shape, formed by two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other, Nucleotide - The subunits of nucleic acids and consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base., Watson and Crick - They built a model of the double helix., Chargaff - Analyzed the amount of adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine in the DNA of various species. He came up with the rule C=G and T=A., Hershey and Chase - Used radioactive labeling to trace the fate of the NDA and proteins., Avery - Discovered that when the live R cells were exposed to the S strain DNA, they were transformed into S cells., Griffith - He did the first major experiment that led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material., Franklin and Wilkins - Used X-ray diffraction, a technique that involved aiming X-rays at the DNA molecule., Semiconservative Replication - A method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand., DNA polymerase - The enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the new DNA strand., Okazaki - Discontinuous small fragments within the lagging strand. , RNA - Ribonucleic acid; guides protein synthesis., Messenger RNA - Type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm., Ribosomal RNA - Type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes., Transfer RNA - Type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome., Transcription - Process in which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA., RNA polymerase - Enzyme that regulates RNA synthesis., Introns - In RNA processing, the intervening coding sequence missing from the final mRNA., Exon - In RNA processing, the coding sequence that remains in the final mRNA., Codon - Three-base code in DNA or RNA., Translation - Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled., Anticodon - Three-base coding sequence that is complementary to a codon on mRNA that is read 3' to 5', Gene Regulation - The ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment., Operon - A section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway., Mutation - Although DNA replication is tightly regulated and remarkable accurate, erros do occur and result in a permanent change known as _________., Mutagens - Substances which cause mutations.,

Module 11

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