Anaphora - Rhetoric. repetition of a word or words at the beginning of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences, Apostrophe - A figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply., Archetype - A symbol, character, action, plot, or setting that represents a universal pattern of human nature, Characterization - The presentation in literature of fictitious people whose composite physical descriptions, attitudes, motives, and actions are lifelike enough for the reader to accept as representing real people. A flat character is one that remains undeveloped, while a round character is a fully fleshed-out portrait. If the character does not undergo change, its type is referred to as static; if the character is transformed somehow, it is termed dynamic., Colloquialism/Colloquial Diction - A word or phrase used in an easy, informal style of writing or speaking. It is usually more appropriate in speech than formal writing. Colloquialisms appear often in literature since they provide a sense of actual conversation and use the pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of everyday speech., Dialect - The language of a particular district, class, or group of persons., Epizeuxis (also called diacope) - Uninterrupted repetition, or repetition with only one or two words between each repeated phrase. A character in a gothic novel might cry out, "Oh, horror, horror, horror!", Euphemism - The substitution of mild, indirect, or vague language for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt. Example: the substitution of “to pass away” for “to die”, Figurative Language - The creative manipulation of the syntax, semantics, structure, effects, or association of normal language used to arrive at vivid expressions and innovative ideas. Common types of figurative expressions used in prose include hyperbole, irony, metaphor, paradox, oxymoron, simile, onomatopoeia, and symbolism. Again, pay particular attention to the denotations and connotations of words., Metaphor - A figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike., Metonymy - The use of something closely related for the thing actually meant (“the crown” to represent the king). Increasingly used also to indicate synecdoche, a figure of speech in which the part of something is used to represent the whole (“a pair of ragged claws” to represent the crab)., Narrative Pacing - The rate at which the story unfolds. Authors use may wish to slow or quicken the pace of a narrative for various effects. Paragraph length, syntactical elements, dialogue, description, and other literary elements all contribute to the pace of the narrative., Syntax - Sentence structure; that is, the grammatical ordering of words. Note the way in which the author uses punctuation. Pay particular attention to the kinds of sentences used: long or short, declarative or interrogative, complete or incomplete, simple or complex. So you see any instances of parallel structure?, Synaesthesia - In literature, the description of one kind of sensory image in terms of another, for example “a loud shirt” or “bitter cold., Synechdoche - A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that refers to a part of something is substituted to stand in for the whole, or vice versa. For example, the phrase “all hands on deck” is a demand for all of the crew to help, yet the word “hands”—just a part of the crew—stands in for the whole crew., Assonance - The repetition at close intervals of vowel sounds (for example, hat-ran-amber, vein-made, Cacophony - A harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds, Consonance - The repetition at close intervals of consonant sounds (for example, book-plaque-thicker)., Euphony - A smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds.,

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